Sociological Paradigms Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes Structural Functionalism?

  • Society is a competitive arena for resources.
  • Society functions like an organism with interconnected parts. (correct)
  • Centers around class struggles.
  • Focuses primarily on individual interactions.

Conflict Theory primarily addresses attempts to maintain social stability.

False (B)

Who is the originator of Symbolic Interactionism?

Max Weber

In Sociology, _______ functions are the obvious, intended effects of a structure.

<p>manifest</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following theorists with their respective focuses:

<p>W.E.B. Du Bois = Race Conflict Emile Durkheim = Structural Functionalism Karl Marx = Class Conflict Max Weber = Symbolic Interactionism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of Structural Functionalism?

<p>It struggles to address societal changes effectively. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Symbolic Interactionism is concerned with macro-level analysis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept describes the internal conflict African Americans experience due to societal prejudice?

<p>Double Consciousness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Harriet Martineau is considered a pioneer in making sociology accessible.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theory focuses on how societal structures perpetuate gender inequality?

<p>Gender Conflict Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Max Weber contributed to the concept of __________ by promoting rational thought and structured roles.

<p>modernity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following feminist movements with their focus:

<p>First Wave = Suffrage Second Wave = Reproductive rights Third Wave = Intersectionality Fourth Wave = Social media activism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key issue addressed by Race Conflict Theory?

<p>Systemic racial inequality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Robert Merton’s Strain Theory, what happens when society fails to provide means for achieving cultural goals?

<p>Deviance arises (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Protestant Reformation had no influence on modern capitalism according to Weber.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was a key figure in race studies that laid the foundation for civil rights movements?

<p>W.E.B. Du Bois</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the available data, young people aged 15-24 account for approximately 31.8% of arrests.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theory suggests that deviance is learned from others?

<p>Differential Association Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bureaucracies are characterized by __________ roles and __________ interactions.

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The U.S. holds approximately ___ million incarcerated individuals, accounting for 25% of the global total.

<p>2.3</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following social theories with their primary focus:

<p>Conflict Theory = Power dynamics and social inequality Functionalism = Societal functions of deviance Symbolic Interactionism = Learning and labeling of deviance Control Theory = Self-control in preventing deviance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of social group is characterized as close-knit and emotional?

<p>Primary Groups (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Secondary socialization occurs primarily at home within family structures.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the non-financial assets that aid in success?

<p>Cultural Capital</p> Signup and view all the answers

In-group refers to groups we identify with, while ____ refers to groups we oppose.

<p>Out-group</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of social groups with their definitions:

<p>Primary Groups = Close-knit, emotional connections Secondary Groups = Larger, goal-focused associations Involuntary Groups = Assigned membership Reference Groups = Groups we refer to for standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the role of media in socialization?

<p>Influences attitudes and shapes behaviors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Groupthink occurs when members of a group suppress dissent to achieve consensus.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main leadership styles mentioned in group dynamics?

<p>Instrumental and Expressive</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of learning societal values and developing personality throughout life is called _____.

<p>Socialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is anticipatory socialization?

<p>Learning to adopt the behaviors of a group a person aspires to join (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Scientific Management as proposed by Frederick Taylor?

<p>Task systematization for efficiency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cultural relativity suggests that deviance is the same across all contexts.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theory suggests that labels can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies?

<p>Labeling Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Deviance is behavior that violates __________ norms.

<p>social</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of crime with its description:

<p>Crimes Against Person = Murder, assault, rape, robbery Crimes Against Property = Burglary, theft, arson Victimless Crimes = Drug use, prostitution, gambling</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts is associated with George Ritzer?

<p>McDonaldization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Structural Functionalism suggests that deviance serves no purpose in society.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do statistics indicate about violent and property crimes in 2015?

<p>1.2 million violent crimes and 8 million property crimes</p> Signup and view all the answers

The shift from an industrial to a __________ society brings organizational challenges such as discrimination and economic shifts.

<p>postindustrial</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential downside of bureaucracies as mentioned in the content?

<p>Alienation of workers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of Double Consciousness primarily describe?

<p>The ability of African Americans to navigate their identity in a prejudiced society (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Harriet Martineau is recognized for her contributions to making sociology accessible in the 21st century.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Gender-Conflict Theory?

<p>To analyze how societal structures perpetuate gender inequality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ theory emphasizes the struggles and tensions arising from unequal resources and power between racial groups.

<p>Race Conflict</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

<p>Social Integration = Understanding one's place in society Gender-Conflict Theory = Focus on gender inequality in societal structures Rationalization = Adoption of rational methods in society Bureaucracy = Structured roles and impersonal interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What foundational aspect did Du Bois contribute to civil rights movements?

<p>Race Conflict Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first wave of feminism focused primarily on women's rights to vote.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Protestant Reformation play in Weber's concept of modernity?

<p>It promoted the work ethic and contributed to the rationalization of society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of ________ involves moving away from traditional thought towards rational thought and methodical behavior.

<p>rationalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sociological Paradigms

Frameworks of theories and concepts used to understand social topics.

Structural Functionalism

View of society as an organism with interconnected parts working for stability.

Conflict Theory

View of society driven by groups competing over resources.

Symbolic Interactionism

Focus on interactions and meanings in everyday life

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Research Methods

Systematic approach to gathering and analyzing data in social science research.

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Hypothesis

Statement of possible relationship between variables.

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Social Structures

Framework of society; patterns of relationships.

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Double Consciousness

The internal conflict African Americans experience, viewing themselves through the lens of a prejudiced society.

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Race Conflict Theory

Society is structured by racial tensions caused by unequal resources and power.

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Social Integration

Understanding one's place within society.

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Gender Conflict Theory

Focuses on how societal structures create gender inequality.

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Historical Exclusion (women)

Women were historically excluded from academia, mostly before the 20th century.

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Harriet Martineau

A pioneer in sociology who made the topic accessible through writing and introduced sampling and cross-cultural studies

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First Wave Feminism

Feminist movement focused on suffrage and voting rights (e.g., Elizabeth Cady Stanton).

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Rationalization

The adoption of rational methods, like calculability, and organized behavior in society.

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Bureaucracy

Structured roles and impersonal interactions in large organizations (e.g., DMV).

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Strain Theory

Explanation for deviance: Society fails to provide equal opportunities for success, leading individuals to deviate from norms to achieve goals.

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Labeling Theory

Deviance is defined by societal labels. Primary deviance is initial act, while secondary deviance occurs after being labeled deviant.

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Differential Association

Deviance is learned through social interactions with others who engage in deviant behavior.

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Control Theory

Deviance is prevented by internal and external controls, such as self-control, social bonds, and fear of punishment.

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Overcriminalization

Disproportionate criminalization of certain groups, often based on race or ethnicity.

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Socialization

Lifelong process of learning societal norms, values, and behaviors. It shapes our personality, beliefs, and identity.

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Primary Socialization

The initial stage of socialization, primarily within the family, where core values and beliefs are learned.

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Secondary Socialization

Socialization beyond the family, occurring in schools, peer groups, and other institutions, expanding social knowledge and skills.

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Cultural Capital

Non-financial assets like education, skills, and connections that contribute to success.

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Hidden Curriculum

Unwritten lessons taught indirectly in schools, alongside academic subjects, such as social norms, competition, and conformity.

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Peer Influence

The impact of peers on an individual's behavior, attitudes, and choices. Peer groups can strongly influence conformity and identity.

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Total Institution

An environment where individuals are completely immersed, stripped of their former identities, and subjected to strict resocialization, such as prisons.

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Reference Group

A group an individual uses as a standard of comparison for their own behaviors and attitudes, influencing their values and aspirations.

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In-Group vs Out-Group

Groups we identify with and feel a sense of belonging are in-groups, while groups we oppose or are excluded from are out-groups.

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Conformity and Social Influence

The tendency for individuals to adjust their behaviors and beliefs to align with a group's norms, often driven by social pressures and desire for acceptance.

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Scientific Management

A system designed to improve efficiency by breaking down tasks into smaller, simpler steps.

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Cultural Relativity

The understanding that deviance is defined by the cultural context in which it occurs.

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McDonaldization

The process of applying bureaucratic principles to social life, leading to efficiency and predictability.

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Deviance

Behavior that violates social norms and expectations.

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Social Power

The ability to influence others and control resources, often used to maintain existing social structures.

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Formal Organizations

Structured groups with specific goals, rules, and hierarchies, often designed for efficiency.

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Alienation

The feeling of estrangement or disconnection from one's work, social life, or society.

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Crimes Against Person

Offenses that involve direct harm or violence against an individual.

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Study Notes

Sociological Paradigms

  • Paradigms are frameworks of theories and concepts that shape perspectives on various topics.
  • In sociology, theoretical paradigms help interpret raw facts and shape macro- and micro-level questions.

Structural Functionalism

  • Originates from Emile Durkheim's work.
  • Views society as an organism with interconnected parts working towards stability.
  • Key concepts:
    • Social structures: the framework of society
    • Manifest functions: intended effects of a structure
    • Latent functions: unintended effects of a structure
    • Social dysfunctions: patterns that disrupt societal functioning
  • Limitation: struggles to address societal change effectively.

Conflict Theory

  • Focuses on societal groups competing over scarce resources.
  • Driven by ongoing struggles between these groups
  • Key types:
    • Class conflict (Marxist view)
    • Race conflict (historical inequalities)
    • Gender conflict (inequality between genders)
  • Highlights change as a result of power struggles.

Symbolic Interactionism

  • Focuses on micro-level interactions and meanings people create in their daily lives.
  • Originated from Max Weber's work.
  • Emphasizes individual experiences and shared realities through interactions.
  • Key difference: focuses on micro-level interactions, in contrast to the macro perspectives of structural functionalism and conflict theory.

Sociological Research Methods

  • Research methods are systematic plans for gathering and analyzing observations.
  • Defining a clear question is crucial for both researcher and audience.
  • Hypothesis: A statement about a possible relationship between variables.
  • Variable: Something with different values.
  • Operationalization: Defining and measuring variables accurately.
  • Independent variable: the factor influencing change
  • Dependent variable: the factor affected by change
  • Correlation does not equal causation.
  • Data collection methods include:
    • Experiments: testing hypotheses with experimental and control groups
    • Surveys: prepared questions for population sampling
    • Participant observation: researchers joining the group in a controlled setting
    • Existing resources: using pre-existing data.
  • Inductive reasoning: observations → theory → data → world
  • Deductive reasoning: theory → hypothesis → test → theory

Suicide and Society (Durkheim)

  • Émile Durkheim believed sociology could offer solutions to societal problems.
  • His first sociological study used statistical methods to examine suicide.
  • Social Facts: external, coercive societal norms and systems influencing individuals.
  • Common Consciousness: collective beliefs and values of a society.
  • Social Dysfunction: a societal problem disrupting societal functioning.

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