16.8 Socioeconomic and Ethnic Inequalities

Here are five different options for study notes on the provided text:

Option 1

• Socioeconomic and ethnic inequalities in health are explored
• The Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2019 is the official measurement of relative deprivation in England for small areas and neighborhoods
• The IMD ranks areas in England (Lower Super Output Area) from 1 (most deprived) to 32,844 (least deprived)
• 7 domains of deprivation are included in the Index
• The seven domains are income, employment, education, health, crime, barriers to housing and services, and living environment
• Each domain has a weighting and uses a group of indicators
• Socioeconomic and ethnic inequalities are problematic and disadvantageous when wealth distribution is unequal across ethnic groups
• Issues of inequality create a lack of social cohesion, social immobility, hatred, envy and potentiate conflict
• These issues generally have negative health consequences
• Institutionalized discrimination is unjust and discriminatory mistreatment perpetuated by society and its institutions
• Discrimination is enacted through unequal intentional or unintentional bias or selection
• Such biases may not be a conscious choice
• Factors like socioeconomic status, employment and overall context have various risk factors contributing to health outcomes
• Ethnic inequalities can lead to social immobility and institutionalized discrimination, resulting in negative outcomes
• Socioeconomic status and ethnic inequality often intersect, exacerbating disadvantages for certain groups

Option 2

• Socio-economic and ethnic factors influence health outcomes
• Risk factors affect health and lead to chronic conditions; they can also predict potential ill-health in groups
• Socioeconomic status and ethnicity can influence a person's health and wellness
• The Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2019 is the official measure of relative deprivation in England's small areas
• England's Lower Super Output Areas are ranked from 1 (most deprived) to 32,844 (least deprived)
• The IMD includes seven domains of deprivation; income, employment, education, and health make up more than 80%
• Considerations of inequality between socioeconomic status and ethnic groups include negative consequences to health
• Institutionalized discrimination leads to mistreatment of groups or individuals in society and its institutions
• Intentional or unintentional biases or selection may cause discrimination; this bias might not always be conscious
• Socioeconomic and ethnic inequalities can exacerbate one another, further disadvantaging groups

Option 3

• Inequalities related to socioeconomic status and ethnicity in healthcare settings
• Socioeconomic status and ethnic background are determinants to to health
• Risk factors that affect health can lead to chronic conditions
• Risk factors serve as predictors for potential ill health in specific groups
• Socioeconomic status and ethnicity impact health and overall wellness
• Deprivation is measured officially by the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2019 in England for small areas (neighborhoods)
• Areas in England are ranked by IMD; those with lower super output are ranked from 1 (most deprived) to 32,844 (least deprived.)
• There are 7 domains of deprivation in the IMD including income, employment, education, and health
• Disadvantage can result from inequality, especially when wealth is unevenly distributed across ethnic groups
• Inequality can cause lack of cohesion, social immobility, hatred, envy, and conflict
• Discrimination is defined as unjust and discriminatory mistreatment of a group or individual which leads to negative health consequences
• Intentional or unintentional biases in selection cause mistreatment
• Socioeconomic status alongside ethnic inequality are factors that exacerbate disadvantages for certain demographics
• The consideration of socioeconomic status, employment and occupational context all factor into risk factors that can have a profound impact on health outcomes.

Option 4

• Socio-economic and ethnic inequalities in health-Consolidation
• Risk factors may affect health, leading to chronic conditions
• Socioeconomic status or ethnicity may influence a person's health and wellness
• The Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2019 measures deprivation in small areas of England
• England areas are ranked on a scale
• The IMD has 7 domains of deprivation: Income (22.5%), and Employment (22.5%)
• Each domain is weighted
• Socioeconomic inequality, is already problematic
• Inequality is more disadvantageous since wealth isn't evenly distributed across ethnic groups.(Alesina et al. 2012)
• Inequality Issues have negative consequences for health
• Discrimination is mistreatment of groups
• Social mobility, institutionalized discrimination and negative outcomes exist
• Ethnic inequality and socioeconomic status further disadvantages some groups

Option 5

• Socio-economic status and ethnicity in health
• Risk factors affect health and chronic conditions, and are also predictors for health issues
• Socioeconomic status and ethnicity influence a person's well being
• The Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2019 is the measure of deprivation in areas like neighborhoods in England.
• England areas are ranked on a scale of 1-32,844 by the IMD
• The IMD has 7 domains of deprivation including income, employment, and health.
• Each domain is weighted
• Socioeconomic and ethnic inequality lead to loss of social cohesion, and hatred
• Discrimination is mistreatment of groups which is done unintentionally or intentionally
• Negative health outcomes may come from institutionalized discrimination and low social mobility
• Socioeconomic status intersects with ethnic inequality disadvantaging some groups

Exploration of socioeconomic and ethnic inequalities in health. The Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2019, the official measurement of relative deprivation in England, ranks areas based on seven domains: income, employment, education, health, crime, housing, and environment. Socioeconomic and ethnic inequalities are problematic and disadvantageous.