Society and Order, Chapters 1 & 2

Society and Order, Chapter 1

• Humans have lived in communities since recorded history.
• Communal living is necessary for survival.
• No man is an island, every man is a piece of the continent (English poet John Donne).
• Humans need society to meet basic needs and be protected from nature.
• Robinson Crusoe is a fictional character, but illustrates the value of learned skills and knowledge for survival in the wilderness.
• Crusoe learned technical skills and knowledge before his shipwreck.
• Survival on a deserted island relies on skills acquired in society.
• Humans are dependent on community for survival.
• Robinson Crusoe, a novel by Daniel Defoe, is based on the true story of Alexander Selkirk.

Society and Order, Chapter 2

• Rules and principles that regulate individuals' conduct in society is law or legal order.
• Law is just one part of the social order, alongside the religious and moral order.
• Moral rules, ethics, concern right and wrong, guide human conduct, and are valued.
• Legal rules that define moral rules, standards, and ideals for human conduct are ethics.
• Moral rules are necessary for maintaining order in society.
• Legal rules often reflect moral values.
• Some laws are created through moral rules.
• Many legal rules derive from morality.

Society and Order, Chapter 3

• Legal rules are mandatory; in cases where there is no voluntary compliance, state action(coercion) is applied.
• Legal rules differ from other social rules as they are supported by state sanctions for non-compliance.
• The state defines types of violations, and the sanction for them, such as punishment, compensation, or injunctions.

Society and Order, Chapter 4

• The law must be applied to all situations, and cases, which come within the letter or spirit of the law.
• To apply law, involves ascertaining (determining) which legal rules are applicable and analyzing the relevant facts.

Society and Order, Chapter 5

• The concept of good faith is related to the use of legal norms or rules.
• Legal rules should reflect moral values in order to satisfy needs for social order.

Society and Order, Chapter 6

• Religious rules often incorporate moral and legal rules.
• Law and religion are closely related; for example, the Pharaoh was considered a living god in ancient Egypt.
• Laws are associated with the will of God in the theocratic state system.
• Law has to change with the changing needs of the society, or they become irrelevant.
• Legal Rules have evolved through stages related to social organization and technology.
• Secularism is the separation of law and religion.

Society and Order, Chapter 7

• Principles of secularism and freedom of faith in legal systems.
• The Turkish Civil Code and secularism.
• The legal systems of the Ottoman Empire and that of modern Turkey.
• The abolition of the Caliphate and the separation of religion and politics in Turkey.

Society and Order, Chapter 8

• Rules of conduct/manners are socially acceptable ways of behaving.
• Membership implies following group's rules or etiquette
• Rules of courtesy/manners may be related to laws, especially, rules of diplomatic protocol or international courtesy.
• States often maintain diplomatic ties through courteous acts of respect and courtesy.
• Rules of etiquette/manners don't need to be legally binding.

Society and Order, Chapter 9

• Legal rules, including their aspects (characteristics) that differentiate them (from) other social conduct rules.
• The state's authority in creating and enforcing legal standards or norms.
• Legal rules differ from other social rules: they are mandatory and have legal sanctions or actions if violated.
• The process by which judges interpret a law or rule, including, the different interpretive methods.
• Textual / Literal interpretation, Historical Interpretation, Logical Interpretation, Teleological Interpretation.

Society and Order, Chapter 10

• Legal interpretation process, including, methods of interpretation, for cases where the law has gaps, is vague, or ambiguous, including, conclusive and rebuttable presumptions.
• The "burden of proof" involves who is responsible for which evidence during a trial.
• Example cases involve analyzing different situations and cases and examining how the principles relate to actual legal situations .

Society and Order, Chapter 11

• The distinction between criminal and civil legal wrongs.
• Different methods of establishing the existence or non-existence of facts or issues, or the correctness of the claim, or counter claims, in a particular case. For example, a "presumption" of innocence is a legal concept regarding criminal cases.
• The responsibility of proof lies with the side making the claim or allegation, or with the party that is making a claim.
• Factors/considerations involving legal cases and outcomes.

Society and Order, Chapter 12

• Interpretational methods for statutes, treaties, and other legal texts.
• The concept of "literal meaning" is analyzed as a way to understand law.
• The concept of interpreting legal texts including, using historical context, and the intention, purpose, or intent of the governing bodies and judges, and using other methods, is important to understand the laws and rules.