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What was the brand name for the compound chlorpromazine?
What was the brand name for the compound chlorpromazine?
What was the first of the 'minor tranquilizers'?
What was the first of the 'minor tranquilizers'?
Which drug reduced the need for electroconvulsive treatment?
Which drug reduced the need for electroconvulsive treatment?
What percentage of Americans were estimated to be on Miltown by the late 1950s?
What percentage of Americans were estimated to be on Miltown by the late 1950s?
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What was the effect of treating brains with different chemicals during the Cold War?
What was the effect of treating brains with different chemicals during the Cold War?
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Which drug is better known as an antipsychotic?
Which drug is better known as an antipsychotic?
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What was the biggest company that marketed versions of meprobamate?
What was the biggest company that marketed versions of meprobamate?
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What fundamental change in reproduction is mentioned in the text?
What fundamental change in reproduction is mentioned in the text?
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Who is known as the 'Queen of Agrobacterium'?
Who is known as the 'Queen of Agrobacterium'?
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Which invention was used to genetically transform plants for GMOs?
Which invention was used to genetically transform plants for GMOs?
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Where was the first approved GMO, a pest-resistant tobacco, introduced?
Where was the first approved GMO, a pest-resistant tobacco, introduced?
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Which GM animal for food was approved by Canada and the FDA in 2015?
Which GM animal for food was approved by Canada and the FDA in 2015?
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Which GMO grains are prevalent in the U.S., China, Argentina, and India?
Which GMO grains are prevalent in the U.S., China, Argentina, and India?
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What is the dominant market in the GMO industry?
What is the dominant market in the GMO industry?
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What are the focused properties of GMOs?
What are the focused properties of GMOs?
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Which technology involves replacing the egg's nucleus with a somatic cell nucleus?
Which technology involves replacing the egg's nucleus with a somatic cell nucleus?
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Why would cloning humans not produce an exact copy?
Why would cloning humans not produce an exact copy?
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Which drug was widely used to calm worried brains, especially among women suffering from depression and anxiety due to societal constraints?
Which drug was widely used to calm worried brains, especially among women suffering from depression and anxiety due to societal constraints?
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What was the first drug to treat mood disorders like bipolar disorder, despite having serious side effects and being approved for prophylactic use only in 1974?
What was the first drug to treat mood disorders like bipolar disorder, despite having serious side effects and being approved for prophylactic use only in 1974?
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Which human cell line was taken from Henrietta Lacks without her consent in 1951 and became the most important cell line in biomedical research?
Which human cell line was taken from Henrietta Lacks without her consent in 1951 and became the most important cell line in biomedical research?
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What legal ruling denied John Moore any share of the profits after his cells were commercialized for millions of dollars without his consent?
What legal ruling denied John Moore any share of the profits after his cells were commercialized for millions of dollars without his consent?
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What led to the development of the antidepressant Prozac in 1987?
What led to the development of the antidepressant Prozac in 1987?
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What were the first scientifically created drugs for the 'worried well' in the early 1960s?
What were the first scientifically created drugs for the 'worried well' in the early 1960s?
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In what year did the development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) begin?
In what year did the development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) begin?
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Which organism was the first to be genetically transformed during the beginning of genetic engineering techniques in 1973?
Which organism was the first to be genetically transformed during the beginning of genetic engineering techniques in 1973?
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What was the first blockbuster brain drug approved for psychiatric use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1954?
What was the first blockbuster brain drug approved for psychiatric use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1954?
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What was the biggest company that marketed versions of meprobamate, which became the bestselling drug in the U.S. by the late 1950s?
What was the biggest company that marketed versions of meprobamate, which became the bestselling drug in the U.S. by the late 1950s?
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What percentage of all Americans were estimated to be on Miltown by the late 1950s?
What percentage of all Americans were estimated to be on Miltown by the late 1950s?
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What was the first drug to treat mood disorders like bipolar disorder, despite having serious side effects and being approved for prophylactic use only in 1974?
What was the first drug to treat mood disorders like bipolar disorder, despite having serious side effects and being approved for prophylactic use only in 1974?
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Which of the following was the first of the 'minor tranquilizers'?
Which of the following was the first of the 'minor tranquilizers'?
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What was the effect of treating brains with different chemicals during the Cold War?
What was the effect of treating brains with different chemicals during the Cold War?
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Which drug reduced the need for electroconvulsive treatment and is still used today?
Which drug reduced the need for electroconvulsive treatment and is still used today?
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What fundamental change in reproduction is mentioned in the text?
What fundamental change in reproduction is mentioned in the text?
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What was the first drug scientifically created for the 'worried well' in the early 1960s?
What was the first drug scientifically created for the 'worried well' in the early 1960s?
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Which drug was widely used to calm worried brains, especially among women suffering from depression and anxiety due to societal constraints?
Which drug was widely used to calm worried brains, especially among women suffering from depression and anxiety due to societal constraints?
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What was the first drug to treat mood disorders like bipolar disorder, despite having serious side effects and being approved for prophylactic use only in 1974?
What was the first drug to treat mood disorders like bipolar disorder, despite having serious side effects and being approved for prophylactic use only in 1974?
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What theory led to the development of the antidepressant Prozac in 1987?
What theory led to the development of the antidepressant Prozac in 1987?
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Which was the first human cell line, taken from Henrietta Lacks without her consent in 1951, and used in biomedical research?
Which was the first human cell line, taken from Henrietta Lacks without her consent in 1951, and used in biomedical research?
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What legal ruling denied John Moore any share of the profits after his cells were commercialized for millions of dollars without his consent?
What legal ruling denied John Moore any share of the profits after his cells were commercialized for millions of dollars without his consent?
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When did the development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) begin?
When did the development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) begin?
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What was the first genetically transformed organism during the beginning of genetic engineering techniques in 1973?
What was the first genetically transformed organism during the beginning of genetic engineering techniques in 1973?
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Who invented the gene gun used to genetically transform plants for GMOs?
Who invented the gene gun used to genetically transform plants for GMOs?
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Which animal was the first GM animal for food approved by Canada and the FDA in 2015?
Which animal was the first GM animal for food approved by Canada and the FDA in 2015?
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What was the first approved GMO?
What was the first approved GMO?
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Who is known as the 'Queen of Agrobacterium'?
Who is known as the 'Queen of Agrobacterium'?
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What technology involves replacing the egg's nucleus with a somatic cell nucleus?
What technology involves replacing the egg's nucleus with a somatic cell nucleus?
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What is the dominant market in the GMO industry?
What is the dominant market in the GMO industry?
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What did the cloning of Dolly the sheep involve?
What did the cloning of Dolly the sheep involve?
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What are the focused properties of GMOs?
What are the focused properties of GMOs?
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Why is cloning humans not capable of producing an exact copy?
Why is cloning humans not capable of producing an exact copy?
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Study Notes
The Impact of Pharmaceuticals and Cell Lines on Society
- Tranquilizers like Miltown and anti-anxiety drugs like Valium were the first scientifically created drugs for the “worried well” in the early 1960s.
- Valium, known as “mother’s little helpers,” was widely used to calm worried brains, especially among women suffering from depression and anxiety due to societal constraints.
- Lithium, the first drug to treat mood disorders like bipolar disorder, had serious side effects and was only approved for prophylactic use by the FDA in 1974.
- The chemical imbalance theory, proposing a lack of critical neurotransmitters as the cause of depression, led to the development of the antidepressant Prozac in 1987.
- Immortalized human cell lines have been used for medical research, with the first human cell line, HeLa, being taken from Henrietta Lacks without her consent in 1951.
- HeLa cells became the most important cell line in biomedical research, used to develop vaccines and in vitro fertilization, despite Lacks and her family not receiving any compensation.
- The use of HeLa cells highlights the historical and ongoing oppression of black women, as the cells were used by white people to make knowledge and money.
- John Moore's cells were commercialized for millions of dollars without his consent, leading to a legal ruling that denied him any share of the profits.
- The development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) began in 1973, with microbes being the first organisms genetically transformed.
- New genetic engineering techniques were developed to work with complex organisms following the initial work with microbes.
Advances in Biotechnology: From GMOs to Cloning
- In 1977, biologist Mary-Dell Chilton utilized Agrobacterium tumafaciens to insert genetic material from a foreign species into a plant, and she is known as the "Queen of Agrobacterium."
- In 1983, the gene gun, invented by John Sanford and Edward Wolf, was used to genetically transform plants for GMOs.
- The first approved GMO was a pest-resistant tobacco in China in 1992, followed by the U.S.'s approval of a bruising-resistant tomato, "Flavr-Savr," in the same year.
- The AquaAdvantage salmon, the first GM animal for food, was approved by Canada and the FDA in 2015, but its release has been postponed annually due to labeling guidelines.
- GMO grains, particularly Bt corn and "Roundup Ready" soybeans, are prevalent in the U.S., China, Argentina, and India, but resisted in Europe.
- The GMO market, estimated at over $300 billion, is dominated by soy, canola, cotton, and corn with herbicide tolerance or insecticidal action properties.
- GMO properties are focused on improving yields for animal feed and ingredient production, rather than enhancing nutrition or taste.
- Assisted reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) and gamete donation became widely accepted, despite being expensive and not equally accessible to all.
- In 1996, Dolly the sheep was created using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), commonly described as "cloning," by the Roslin Institute of the University of Edinburgh.
- SCNT involves replacing the egg's nucleus with a somatic cell nucleus, resulting in a cloned organism with a similar genome to the somatic donor.
- Cloning humans is technically possible but banned in most countries, and it would not produce an exact copy due to epigenetics and environmental influences.
- The text hints at future topics such as the Human Genome Project, forensic genetics, and personalized biotechnology, underscoring the complexity and potential of biotechnological advancements.
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Description
Explore the societal impact of pharmaceuticals and cell lines in this quiz. From the early tranquilizers and anti-anxiety drugs to the controversial use of immortalized human cell lines, delve into the historical, ethical, and legal aspects of these influential developments. Test your knowledge on the evolution of pharmaceuticals and genetic engineering techniques that have shaped medical research and society.
