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Questions and Answers
[Blank] can consist of something as simple as cooperative breeding, such as ground-nesting gulls.
[Blank] can consist of something as simple as cooperative breeding, such as ground-nesting gulls.
Early/emergent sociality
[Blank] is cooperative behavior that lowers the donor's reproductive success while increasing the reproductive success of the recipient of the altruistic act.
[Blank] is cooperative behavior that lowers the donor's reproductive success while increasing the reproductive success of the recipient of the altruistic act.
Altruism
[Blank] selection favors the reproductive success of the relatives that an organism helps, even at a cost to the organism’s own fitness.
[Blank] selection favors the reproductive success of the relatives that an organism helps, even at a cost to the organism’s own fitness.
Kin
A measure of the genetic success of an altruistic individual based on the number of relatives that the altruist helps reproduce that would not otherwise have survived to do so is known as ______ fitness.
A measure of the genetic success of an altruistic individual based on the number of relatives that the altruist helps reproduce that would not otherwise have survived to do so is known as ______ fitness.
The total measure of an individual’s contribution of genes to the next generation, generated by both the direct fitness and the indirect fitness, is ______ fitness.
The total measure of an individual’s contribution of genes to the next generation, generated by both the direct fitness and the indirect fitness, is ______ fitness.
According to the notes, tracking fitness outcomes in wild animals under a kin selection scenario is very difficult from a(n) ______ viewpoint.
According to the notes, tracking fitness outcomes in wild animals under a kin selection scenario is very difficult from a(n) ______ viewpoint.
[Blank] animals make some sense WRT group/kin selection if all hive members are genetically identical, and a hive can be viewed as a single “super-organism”.
[Blank] animals make some sense WRT group/kin selection if all hive members are genetically identical, and a hive can be viewed as a single “super-organism”.
The concept that kin or group selection are intriguing ideas but don't jive well with the ______ eye view of selection is mentioned in the notes.
The concept that kin or group selection are intriguing ideas but don't jive well with the ______ eye view of selection is mentioned in the notes.
[Blank] behaviors involve coordinated defensive actions, such as muskoxen forming a defensive ring to protect themselves from predators.
[Blank] behaviors involve coordinated defensive actions, such as muskoxen forming a defensive ring to protect themselves from predators.
Behaviours between groups within a population, individual between a group, and selection between genes within an individual represents different levels of ______.
Behaviours between groups within a population, individual between a group, and selection between genes within an individual represents different levels of ______.
When resources required to breed successfully are limiting, the ecological ______ hypothesis suggests individuals will delay dispersal and remain in their natal territory to raise their relatives.
When resources required to breed successfully are limiting, the ecological ______ hypothesis suggests individuals will delay dispersal and remain in their natal territory to raise their relatives.
The ______ hypothesis, argues that environmental uncertainty promotes cooperative breeding because helpers at the nest allow birds to breed successfully under both good and bad conditions.
The ______ hypothesis, argues that environmental uncertainty promotes cooperative breeding because helpers at the nest allow birds to breed successfully under both good and bad conditions.
The hypothesis that specific life-history traits, such as high juvenile and adult survival, play a role in the evolution of cooperative breeding is called ______.
The hypothesis that specific life-history traits, such as high juvenile and adult survival, play a role in the evolution of cooperative breeding is called ______.
The indirect fitness benefits explain why some individuals delay independent breeding and become nonbreeding helpers that aid others to reproduce; this is explained through ______ selection.
The indirect fitness benefits explain why some individuals delay independent breeding and become nonbreeding helpers that aid others to reproduce; this is explained through ______ selection.
When individuals survive or reproduce better by living in larger groups, this is known as group ______.
When individuals survive or reproduce better by living in larger groups, this is known as group ______.
The benefits of delaying dispersal outweigh the costs associated with attempting to disperse and breed independently, this concept describes the benefits of ______.
The benefits of delaying dispersal outweigh the costs associated with attempting to disperse and breed independently, this concept describes the benefits of ______.
After his alpha male partner dies, the beta male long-tailed manakin begins to copulate about as frequently as his predecessor did because the females are attracted to the duo; this demonstrates ______.
After his alpha male partner dies, the beta male long-tailed manakin begins to copulate about as frequently as his predecessor did because the females are attracted to the duo; this demonstrates ______.
Male turkeys cooperate with ______ to form coalitions in order to attract mates.
Male turkeys cooperate with ______ to form coalitions in order to attract mates.
Cooperative breeding in birds is linked to ______; pairs in cooperatively breeding species were more monogamous than those in non-cooperatively breeding species.
Cooperative breeding in birds is linked to ______; pairs in cooperatively breeding species were more monogamous than those in non-cooperatively breeding species.
Helpers with a high likelihood of inheriting their resident territory do not invest more in more related offspring, but when prospects of territory inheritance are limited, subordinates mainly direct help toward related offspring according to the likelihood of ______ hypothesis.
Helpers with a high likelihood of inheriting their resident territory do not invest more in more related offspring, but when prospects of territory inheritance are limited, subordinates mainly direct help toward related offspring according to the likelihood of ______ hypothesis.
The fact that the Seychelles warbler was critically endangered and that conservation efforts were launched in the 1960s is stated to provide context to the ______ helping and demograhics.
The fact that the Seychelles warbler was critically endangered and that conservation efforts were launched in the 1960s is stated to provide context to the ______ helping and demograhics.
An arms race between producers and ______ can drive the evolution of social cognition.
An arms race between producers and ______ can drive the evolution of social cognition.
Social foraging where some individuals actively search for food items (producers) and others wait and watch the Producers for signs that they have found food are known as ______.
Social foraging where some individuals actively search for food items (producers) and others wait and watch the Producers for signs that they have found food are known as ______.
Key is heritable linkage between ability to ______ (scrounge) and ability to detect cheating (or produce).
Key is heritable linkage between ability to ______ (scrounge) and ability to detect cheating (or produce).
[Blank] is the application of scientific behavioral approaches (mostly behavioral ecology) to human behaviors and behavioral interactions.
[Blank] is the application of scientific behavioral approaches (mostly behavioral ecology) to human behaviors and behavioral interactions.
According to the notes, applying behavioral ecology (ultimate adaptive function) to humans is immediately ______.
According to the notes, applying behavioral ecology (ultimate adaptive function) to humans is immediately ______.
Individuals are not equal, and that some "win" and many "lose" is the central ______ of humans beings.
Individuals are not equal, and that some "win" and many "lose" is the central ______ of humans beings.
The view-point that individuals who do not succeed, fail due to their own shortcomings is known as Social ______.
The view-point that individuals who do not succeed, fail due to their own shortcomings is known as Social ______.
[Blank] is fundamentally incompatibility with concepts of "community”.
[Blank] is fundamentally incompatibility with concepts of "community”.
Belief that some are inherently superior to others leading to inherently deficiency is know as ______.
Belief that some are inherently superior to others leading to inherently deficiency is know as ______.
The human data used to conduct data analysis is noted to be notoriously ______ to collect.
The human data used to conduct data analysis is noted to be notoriously ______ to collect.
Data from dating apps may be overly-leveraged by ______ users.
Data from dating apps may be overly-leveraged by ______ users.
Genes related to the question of "gay gene" relates to human and sexual ______.
Genes related to the question of "gay gene" relates to human and sexual ______.
The study of mating preferences in certain contexs is covered when reviewing human and ______ preferences.
The study of mating preferences in certain contexs is covered when reviewing human and ______ preferences.
Preference for masculinity (%) covers the human and ______ preference data collect.
Preference for masculinity (%) covers the human and ______ preference data collect.
Allometry analysis examines metabolic rate vs ______.
Allometry analysis examines metabolic rate vs ______.
The driving force behind diversity is the effects of environmental ______.
The driving force behind diversity is the effects of environmental ______.
Stable ideal environment with abundant resources are called ______.
Stable ideal environment with abundant resources are called ______.
Unstable poor environments with limited resources require ______ behaviour, which has a general acceptance for switching to new food sources.
Unstable poor environments with limited resources require ______ behaviour, which has a general acceptance for switching to new food sources.
High predation conditions favors neophobia while low predation favors ______.
High predation conditions favors neophobia while low predation favors ______.
Individuals that survive or reproduce better by living in larger groups supports the group ______ hypothesis.
Individuals that survive or reproduce better by living in larger groups supports the group ______ hypothesis.
Parents require individuals to help in return for group membership according to the _____ hypothesis.
Parents require individuals to help in return for group membership according to the _____ hypothesis.
The graph demonstrates the relationship between number territories and a measure involving birds and ______.
The graph demonstrates the relationship between number territories and a measure involving birds and ______.
The likelihood of territory inheritance drives decisions amongst ______.
The likelihood of territory inheritance drives decisions amongst ______.
The graph illustrates the relationship between territories, percentage departing, and ______ replaced or stayed.
The graph illustrates the relationship between territories, percentage departing, and ______ replaced or stayed.
Flashcards
Altruism
Altruism
Cooperative behavior that lowers the donor's reproductive success while increasing the reproductive success of the recipient.
Kin selection
Kin selection
Natural selection favoring the reproductive success of relatives, even at a cost to the organism's own fitness.
Direct fitness
Direct fitness
Measure of an individual's reproductive (genetic) success based on the number of offspring that live to reproduce.
Indirect fitness
Indirect fitness
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Inclusive fitness
Inclusive fitness
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Group augmentation
Group augmentation
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Ecological constraints
Ecological constraints
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Life history
Life history
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Benefits of philopatry
Benefits of philopatry
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Temporal variability
Temporal variability
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Bet-hedging
Bet-hedging
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Pay-to-stay hypothesis
Pay-to-stay hypothesis
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Producers & Scroungers
Producers & Scroungers
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Sociobiology
Sociobiology
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Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism
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Eugenics
Eugenics
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Human data
Human data
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Selection and Evolution
Selection and Evolution
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Environmental heterogeneity
Environmental heterogeneity
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Ideal environments
Ideal environments
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Poor environments
Poor environments
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High prey
High prey
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Study Notes
Sociality as an Evolutionary Transition
- Evolutionary transitions involve shifts from simple to complex biological entities
- Transitions include:
- Replicating molecules to populations of molecules in compartments
- Independent replicators to chromosomes
- RNA as both genes and enzymes to DNA and protein
- Prokaryotes to eukaryotes
- Asexual clones to sexual populations
- Protists to multicellular organisms
- Solitary individuals to colonies with nonreproductive castes (eusociality)
- Primate societies to human societies
Different Levels of Selection
- Kin or group selection suggests that selection can occur at the level of genes, leading to the evolution of certain traits
- Tracking fitness outcomes among wild animals under this scenario presents logistical challenges
- Eusocial animals, such as bees, exhibit group/kin selection if hive members are genetically identical
- A hive can be viewed as a single super-organism, where some hives have better outcomes than others, suggesting selection at the group level
Social Interactions and Altruism
- Altruism is cooperative behavior that lowers the donor's reproductive success but increases the recipient's reproductive success
- Kin selection favors reproductive success of relatives, even at a cost to the organism's own fitness
- Direct fitness is reproductive success based on the number of offspring
- Indirect fitness is the genetic success of an altruistic individual based on the number of relatives helped
- Inclusive fitness is a measure of an individual's total genetic contribution, including direct and indirect fitness
Sociality Spectrum
- Early or emergent sociality includes cooperative breeding, as seen in ground-nesting gulls
- Eusocial animals, such as some Hymenopterans, cannot survive as individuals
- Humans and other primates, killer whales, and naked mole rats also exhibit intricate forms of sociality
- Producer/scrounger or defector/cooperator dynamics can act as a driver of arms race toward more complex social interactions
Groups and Social Benefits
- Social interactions can be categorized by their effects on the donor and recipient
- Mutual benefit (+/+)
- Selfishness (+/-)
- Altruism (-/+)
- Spite (-/-)
- Cooperation encompasses interactions where individuals work together, including mutual benefit and altruism
Group Defenses
- Semi-coordinated defensive behaviors pose physical risks to predators
- Muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) form a defensive ring
Relatedness and Group Defenses
- Male members of kin groups gave more mobbing calls upon discovering a predator
Cooperative Breeding Hypotheses
- Cooperative breeding includes nonbreeding helpers aiding others to reproduce
- Indirect fitness benefits explain why some individuals delay independent breeding and become nonbreeding helpers
Hypotheses for Cooperative Breeding
- Group augmentation: individuals survive or reproduce better in larger groups
- Ecological constraints: when resources for successful breeding are limited, individuals delay dispersal and remain in their natal territory to help relatives
- Life history: specific life history traits, such as high juvenile and adult survival, play a role in the evolution of cooperative breeding
- Benefits of philopatry: the benefits of delaying dispersal outweigh the costs of attempting to disperse and breed independently
- Temporal variability: environmental uncertainty promotes cooperative breeding because helpers at the nest allow birds to breed successfully under both good and bad conditions
- Bet-hedging: having helpers at the nest reduces environmentally induced reproductive variance
Social Benefits in Reproduction
- Cooperation can provide an eventual payoff in terms of reproductive success
- After the death of his alpha male partner, the beta male long-tailed manakin copulates about as frequently as his predecessor did because the females attracted to the duo in the past continue to visit the display arena when receptive
Kin Selection in Reproduction
- Male turkeys cooperate with kin to form coalitions to attract mates
- Male turkeys relatedness in coalitions is above background genetic relatedness
Cooperative Breeding and Mating Systems
- African starlings that breed cooperatively show less sexual dimorphism in plumage and body size compared to non-cooperative breeders
- Females of cooperatively breeding African starlings exhibit similar variance in wing length to males, while non-cooperative species show greater variance
Cooperative Breeding and Mating Systems in Birds
- Cooperative breeding in birds is linked to monogamy
- Pairs in cooperatively breeding species:are more monogamous than those in non-cooperatively breeding species
- Monogamy favors reduced sexual dimorphism, or reduced sexual dimorphism favors monogamy in birds
Extra Parental Helpers
- Group augmentation hypothesis suggests individuals survive or reproduce better living in larger groups
- Pay-to-stay hypothesis suggests that parents require individuals to help in return for group membership
- Evidence supports both in birds and fish
- Territory inheritance likelihood influences helping decisions in cooperatively breeding birds
Seychelles Warbler Case Study
- The Seychelles warbler experienced critical endangerment, prompting conservation efforts in the 1960s
- Benefits of delaying dispersal outweighed costs associated with dispersing and trying to breed independently
Social Learning
- Social learning in great tits demonstrates network theory applications
Social Complexity: Producers and Scroungers
- Social foraging system resembling hawk-dove or cooperate-defect
- Producers actively search for food items
- Scroungers wait and watch the producers for signs that food has been found
- Scrounging saves energy/time, may involve fighting costs, and is influenced by proximity, food handling time, and resource abundance
- The strategy works when Producers are more frequent
- Key is heritable linkage between ability to cheat (scrounge) and ability to detect cheating (or produce)
Sociobiology
- Sociobiology applies scientific behavioral approaches (mostly behavioral ecology) to human behaviors and behavioral interactions
- In all other biological aspects there are no functional differences between humans and other species
- The central tenet of sociobiology is that individuals aren't equal, challenging assumptions about adaptation in human behavior
- Reproductive fitness serves as a central goal in biological life
Social Darwinism
- Social Darwinism argues that individual success or failure is due to their own shortcomings
- This perspective is fundamentally incompatible with concepts of "community"
- It explains poverty, addiction, disease/medical conditions and childhood abuse
Eugenics
- Eugenics is based on beliefs in the inherent superiority of some over others
- Commonly extended to racial distinctions which view some races as inferior
- Superior traits are often defined arbitrarily
- Criminals are criminals due to some inherent deficiency
Back to Sociobiology: Data Challenges
- Human data is difficult to collect:
- Privacy concerns/anonymity with "hard" data
- Survey/interview questions and delivery skew results
- Respondents manipulate answers by trying to Impress/avoid offense
- Mood and recent events skew answers
- Data from dating apps can be overly-leveraged
- Reporting tools are incomparable between countries
Humans & Sexual Selection
- Lots of discussion about monogamy vs polyandry-polygyny in society
- Selection and evolution involve individuals: who reproduce or do so to lesser degrees
- Sex/gender skew in consequences
- Gay gene question of yesteryear
- Wealthy individuals don't have more children
- Inheritance becomes more important than individual qualities
Study Findings Concerning Preferences
- Preference for symmetrical faces is context-dependent, with higher self-rated attractiveness correlating with a preference for symmetrical faces
- Women prefer long-term relations when ovulating
Human Limitations
- Male ages in newspaper classifieds
- Female exotic dancers used as test group
- Study only uses male respodents
Context & Mate Preference
- Preference for masculinity and mate preferences can be influenced by context and individual self-perception
- Female preferences for certain characteristics can vary depending on the type of relationship
- Men's minimum requirements for mate intelligence increases
Effects of Heterogeneity
- Differences among populations or species can be attributed to environmental differences
- Heterogeneity drives diversity
- Organisms need Genetic potential to adapt
- Trade offs exist between conflicting demands and there are material limitations
- Static and unlimited environments favor the adoption of single strategies
- Stable and ideal environments favor specialists (neophobic)
- Unstable and poor environments favor generalists (neophilic)
Potential Effects of Heterogeneity
- An increase in predation will decrease prey populations and intraspecific competition BUT increase resource availability
- A decrease in predation will increase prey populations and intraspecific competition and decrease resource availability
- If predation is high neophobia (food, stimuli) is favored; low predation favors neophilia
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