CCJS105 exam 2

A state of moral confusion or breakdown in society, or a gap between societal goals and the means to achieve them.

Social cohesion based on similarity and shared values, leading to high levels of conformity.

Social cohesion based on interdependence and specialization of roles, leading to more complex societies.

A sociological perspective emphasizing the influence of social environment on crime.

Crime is normal, but a breakdown in social norms, called anomie, can lead to more crime.

A criminological perspective focusing on how social structure influences criminal behavior.

A perspective suggesting that deviance or criminal behavior develops because young males may not be met in certain social subcultures.

The impact of anomie/strain tradition on criminology, explaining how the gap between goals and means leads to criminal behavior.

Values and norms of working-class culture that may lead to delinquency, focused on excitement, toughness, smartness, trouble, autonomy, and fate.

The pursuit of thrills and intense experiences (e.g. risky behaviors like engaging in dangerous actions).

Displaying masculine characteristics to defend oneself or others; a strong sense of self-respect.

Cultural norms and values within certain communities that legitimize and expect the use of violence as a response to perceived threats; often in lower socioeconomic communities.

A set of informal rules and expectations in marginalized communities stressing violence as a means to gain respect due to socioeconomic strains.

Marginalized communities facing socioeconomic inequality experience strain, leading to violence as a means to achieve respect and status on the street.

Homicides are more prevalent in working-class communities due to a subculture where violence is a norm. Violence is a response and expected reaction.

In working-class culture, smartness isn't about academic intelligence; it's about being resourceful, resourceful and clever. Exploiting situations to benefit oneself.

Criminological theories focusing on how individuals learn criminal behavior through social interactions.

A sociological perspective explaining how individuals interpret social reality and interact with others.

Criminological theory stating criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others.

Acquiring criminal techniques, motives, and attitudes.

An improved version of differential association, emphasizing observation and imitation.

Theories focusing on why people don't commit crime.

Criminological theory focusing on how social labels influence behavior.

Theory explaining how individuals may rationalize or justify criminal behavior.

Emotional connection to others and social norms; valuing approval from significant people.

Investment in lawful career path and conformity; potential loss from offending.

Engagement in conventional activities, reducing criminal opportunities.

Acceptance of social norms; understanding the value of rules.

Vulnerability to immediate gratification, leading to criminal behaviors.

Crime is caused by a lack of self-control

Attachment to individuals and groups who promote conformity and prosocial behavior.

Lack of involvement in conventional activities increases risk of criminal behavior.

A theory explaining crime by suggesting that individuals with low self-control are more likely to commit crimes because they prioritize immediate gratification and lack patience.

A situation that arises where individuals with low self-control can easily and immediately satisfy needs with little effort.

A concept where labeling someone as a criminal leads them to act criminally because they are expected to.

Warmth, nurturance, vigilance, and tough love by parents help cultivate self-control in children.

Criminological theory proposing the making of a criminal is through labeling a person as such, and this is a self-fulfilling prophecy.

The initial act of deviance that draws attention from authorities and results in labeling as a criminal.

Criminal behaviour resulting from society's reaction and labelling of an individual's primary deviance.

A theory explaining how criminals justify their behavior by creating rationalizations.

A technique of neutralization where offenders shift blame away from themselves.

A neutralization technique claiming no harm occurred due to the offense.

A neutralization technique asserting the victim deserved the offense.

A neutralization technique where the offender faults those who punish them.

A neutralization technique that prioritizes group loyalty over societal rules.

Crime is learned through interaction and communication, particularly within intimate groups.

A core aspect of differential association, arguing that crime is not innate but learnt.