Social Structure and Governance Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What change in the seasons is noted by the individuals after becoming Christians?

The years were no longer measured.

The seasons became longer.

It gets somewhat cooler at Christmas. (correct)

Seasons were eliminated altogether.

What is the role of the catolonan in the ritual described?

To lead the food preparation for the feast.

To perform poetic songs and invoke the idol. (correct)

To prepare the animal sacrifices.

To document the proceedings of the sacrifices.

Which element was commonly used to anoint the idols during the rituals?

Natural oils derived from local plants.

Water from sacred springs.

Fragrant perfumes such as musk and civet. (correct)

Balsam from ancient trees.

What object was sometimes placed over the idol during the worship rites?

A good piece of cloth, doubled. Signup and view all the answers

What consequence occurred when the devil entered the body of the catolonan?

She assumed a form of arrogance and appeared fearsome. Signup and view all the answers

What common practice was performed when sacrifices were made?

Flaying, decapitating, and placing the animals before the idol. Signup and view all the answers

What was a specific food item incorporated in the ritual after cooking?

A jar of rice. Signup and view all the answers

What is buyos, mentioned in the context of offerings?

A small fruit wrapped in a leaf with lime. Signup and view all the answers

Which celestial body did they know by its name, aside from the morning star?

Pleiades Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of worshiping the idols called Lacapati and Idianale?

Patrons of agriculture Signup and view all the answers

What precaution did they take if they encountered an animal like a serpent or a bird on their journey?

They would return home. Signup and view all the answers

What did they call the change of seasons?

Mapolon Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Dian masalanta' represent in their belief system?

Patron of pleasure and love Signup and view all the answers

How did they determine the division of their year?

Through lunar phases and agricultural cycles Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the song of the bird 'Tigmamanuguin'?

An omen that could signify good or bad luck Signup and view all the answers

What did they fear that led to offerings made to water-lizards?

Fear of misfortune Signup and view all the answers

What was one reason for offering sacrifices and adoration?

To recover from a sickness. Signup and view all the answers

How long did festivities last for people of rank when offering sacrifices?

Thirty days. Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the catolonan during the coming-of-age ceremony for young girls?

To blindfold the girls for four days. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following priests was believed to have the ability to induce maladies?

Mangagauay. Signup and view all the answers

What was believed to be the substance associated with the live serpent used in the witchcraft rituals?

The devil. Signup and view all the answers

What was one effect caused by the manyisalat's witchcraft on relationships?

Causing lovers to abandon their wives. Signup and view all the answers

What unique ability did the mancocolam possess?

Emitting fire from themselves. Signup and view all the answers

What belief influenced the actions of the catolonan regarding young girls' fortunes in marriage?

They would not become widows. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the preferred type of dato in the current context described?

They are spiritless and fainthearted. Signup and view all the answers

What was required during investigations and sentences passed by the dato?

The presence of barangay members was necessary. Signup and view all the answers

What was the typical consequence for a man of low birth who insulted a chief's family member?

Death penalty. Signup and view all the answers

How were fines generally enforced if not paid promptly?

The culprit served the aggrieved party until payment was made. Signup and view all the answers

What was the fate of witches according to the described laws?

They were killed, and their families became slaves. Signup and view all the answers

What role did 'fair and just men' play in this societal structure?

They acted as arbiters in disputes. Signup and view all the answers

How did the concept of servitude function under non-payment of fines?

The master owned half of the cultivated lands of the culprit. Signup and view all the answers

What was the customary practice when two chiefs wanted to avoid war?

They convened judges to act as arbiters. Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the eleventh office among the islands?

Soothsayer Signup and view all the answers

Where was the deceased buried if he was a chief?

Under a constructed porch Signup and view all the answers

What was a common practice of mourning among relatives of the deceased?

Singing dirges and praises of his qualities Signup and view all the answers

How did the Aetas bury their deceased?

Standing upright with the head unburied Signup and view all the answers

What did the Aetas do in retribution for the death of their deceased?

Killed an innocent person Signup and view all the answers

What do the Aetas refer to as 'maca'?

Paradise Signup and view all the answers

What did the Aetas believe about who could go to heaven?

Anyone who lived without harm Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used by the Aetas for the place of punishment?

Casanaan Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Datos (chiefs) held authority, but their power was waning due to a preference for less demanding leadership.
Barangay members were involved in legal proceedings overseen by the dato.
Impartial arbiters from other barangays resolved disputes between individuals or datos, prioritizing peaceful resolutions.
Punishments included fines (payable in gold), enslavement for non-payment (affecting the offender and their children), or death for serious crimes like insulting a chief's family or witchcraft. Slavery resulted only from offenses otherwise punishable by death.

Legal System and Punishment

Insulting a chief's daughter or wife was a capital offense
Witches and those of similar status faced death penalty.
Offenses not punishable by death resulted in fines.
Non-payment of fines led to enslavement of the offender and their children until the debt was settled. This often resulted in the children remaining enslaved.

Religious Beliefs and Practices

Worship included stargazing (recognizing Tala - the morning star, the Pleiades, and the Greater Bear), idol worship (lic-ha), and veneration of deceased heroes.
Specific idols, like Dian masalanta (patron of lovers), Lacapati and Idianale (patrons of agriculture), were worshipped, reflecting their agricultural and social values.
Buaya (crocodiles and water lizards) were revered, and offerings were made to appease them.
Omens and augury were prevalent; encountering specific animals or events could cause delays in journeys.
Divination was used to assess the luck of weapons.
No formal calendar existed; time was measured based on agricultural cycles and celestial observations. The introduction of Christianity altered timekeeping practices.
Sacrifices to the devil involved offerings of food and drink, accompanied by poetic songs and ritualistic intoxication—sometimes including the devil's apparent physical possession of the catolonan.
Sacrificial offerings included goats, fowls, swine, and cooked rice, with the remains often consumed by participants. Sacrifices were made for various reasons, including health, travel, harvest, war, childbirth, and marriage. The wealthy sometimes celebrated for 30 days.
Young women upon reaching menarche were blindfolded for four days, then cleansed. This ritual supposedly ensured fertility and a good marriage.

Religious Figures

Catolonan: A male or female high priest or priestess of high social standing.
Mangagauay/Manyisalat: Witches who could both inflict and heal illnesses. This category also included the ability to influence romantic relationships.
Mancocolam: Priests capable of emitting fire at night.
Pangatahojan: Soothsayers who predicted the future.
Bayoguin: Transgender men.

Burial Practices

Tagalogs buried the deceased near their homes, chiefs in small structures, with mourning lasting four days. Animals were placed in the boat-coffin with the body and often a living slave was bound to the body until their death.
Negritos (Aetas) employed a different method: burying the deceased upright head-first in a deep hole, placing half a coconut on top of the exposed head as a shield, followed by the ritual killing of an unrelated individual as retribution.

Afterlife Beliefs

Belief in an afterlife called maca (paradise) for the just and brave, contrasted with casanaan (a place of torment). Bathala was regarded as the creator and sole inhabitant of heaven.

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Description

Explore the governance and legal systems of early societies. This quiz delves into the roles of datos, the legal proceedings in barangays, and the various forms of punishment enforced for offenses. Assess your understanding of social hierarchies and the implications of legal actions in historical contexts.