Social Psychology Terms Presentation Quiz

Hindsight bias is the tendency of overestimating one's ability to have foreseen the outcome of an event upon learning the outcome.

A hypothesis is a tentative statement proposing a possible relationship between variables, subject to testing and verification.

If you eat more vegetables, you will lose weight faster.

<p>Illusion of control describes the belief that we have greater control over events than we actually do.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'I knew it all along phenomenon' is colloquially known as hindsight bias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eating more vegetables, fruits, and exercise daily leads to weight loss, glowing skin, and minimizes the risk of a heart attack.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fundamental Attribution Error (also known as correspondence bias or over-attribution effect) is the tendency to overemphasize dispositional or personality-based explanations for behaviors observed in others, while underestimating situational factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Group Polarization is the tendency for members of a group discussing an issue to move towards more extreme positions than their initial views, resulting in the group as a whole responding in more extreme ways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hindsight Bias is the tendency for people to view events as more predictable than they actually were before they took place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Illusion of Control is the belief that one can influence outcomes that they have no control over, while Illusion of Transparency is the overestimation of how well one's internal states are perceived by others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There are two types of Hypotheses: Null Hypothesis (H0) which states no effect or relationship exists, and Alternative Hypothesis (H1) which posits the presence of an effect or relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The other name for Fundamental Attribution Error is Correspondence Bias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Illusion of Transparency is a cognitive bias that causes people to overestimate the degree to which their thoughts and emotions are apparent to others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An example of the Illusion of Transparency is when individuals feeling nervous about public speaking overestimate how much their nervousness is noticed by the audience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Illusory Correlation is when we perceive a relationship between two variables when no such relationship exists in reality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An example of Illusory Correlation is when an individual carries a lucky pen to an exam and expects to pass without studying.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Fundamental Attribution Error is the tendency to attribute others' behaviors to internal characteristics (personality, traits) rather than to external factors (situation, environment).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Group Polarization is the tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclinations of its members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hindsight Bias refers to the tendency for people to perceive events as having been more predictable after they have already occurred.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Illusion of Control is the tendency to believe that one has more control over events than is actually the case.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A Hypothesis is a proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immune neglect is the tendency of individuals to underestimate their ability to adapt and recover from negative events. An example could be someone fearing a breakup, but then realizing they are able to cope and move on after it happens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individualism is the emphasis on the importance of individual rights, identity, and uniqueness. It relates to cognitive biases as it can influence how individuals perceive and interpret information based on their own beliefs and values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The impact bias is the tendency to overestimate the emotional impact of future events. It can lead individuals to make decisions based on exaggerated expectations of how they will feel in the future.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Illusory correlation occurs when people perceive a relationship between two variables that does not exist. An example could be associating a specific food with good luck based on a coincidence of positive events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The illusion of transparency is the belief that one's internal thoughts and emotions are more apparent to others than they actually are. It can lead individuals to feel more exposed or self-conscious in social situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In an individualistic society, cognitive biases can influence how people make decisions based on personal beliefs and values. This can lead to unique patterns of behavior and thought processes that may not align with collectivist norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immune neglect refers to the tendency to underestimate one's own ability to cope with and adapt to negative events or emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The impact bias is the tendency to overestimate the emotional impact of future events. For example, anticipating extreme loneliness after a friend moves away.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The illusion of transparency is the tendency to overestimate the extent to which our internal thoughts and emotions are apparent to others. It can lead to self-consciousness and inhibition in decision-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Illusory correlation is the perception of a relationship where none exists or an overestimation of the strength of a relationship. For example, linking a specific action to a specific outcome despite no real connection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individualism emphasizes personal freedom, self-reliance, and the uniqueness of each person. It impacts institutions, education systems, and personal choices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individualism prioritizes the uniqueness of each person over group membership, emphasizing independence and personal freedom. In contrast, group identity focuses on collective belonging and shared values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immune neglect refers to the tendency to overlook coping strategies and aspects of the psychological immune system. An example could be adapting quickly to a romantic breakup without utilizing coping mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impact bias is the tendency to overestimate emotional responses to future events. This can lead individuals to avoid beneficial actions due to overestimated negative consequences or pursue harmful ones due to overestimating positive outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The illusion of transparency is the belief that one's internal thoughts and feelings are more apparent to others than they actually are. An example could be someone overestimating how obvious their nervousness is during a presentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Illusory correlation is the perception of a relationship between variables when none exists. An example could be falsely believing that employees who arrive early at work are more productive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individualism emphasizes personal independence and self-reliance, which can contribute to immune neglect by downplaying the need for external coping strategies. It can also influence impact bias by promoting a focus on personal emotional responses to events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immune neglect, by causing individuals to overlook coping strategies, can contribute to major negative events being less distressing as people adapt quickly. Minor irritations, on the other hand, might not activate psychological defenses, leading to enduring distress due to lack of coping mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People tend to be attracted to those who are similar to them in terms of physique, age, beauty, and wealth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Mere-Exposure Effect is a psychological phenomenon where people develop a preference for things they are exposed to repeatedly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Informed Consent refers to the ethical principle that individuals must be fully informed about the risks and benefits of a study or treatment before agreeing to participate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Learned Helplessness is a psychological concept where individuals believe they have no control over their circumstances, leading to passivity and resignation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locus of Control refers to an individual's belief about the underlying causes of events in their life, whether they are internal or external.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repeated exposure to a stimulus, such as an advertisement, can increase familiarity and influence people's preferences and attitudes toward that stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Learned helplessness is when repeated negative outcomes lead to the belief that one has no control over the situation. An example could be a student who keeps failing tests and stops studying because they think they will always fail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Internal locus of control is the belief that one controls their own destiny, while external locus of control is the belief that external factors control one's life. An example of internal locus of control is &quot;I determine my future,&quot; while an example of external locus of control is &quot;There is nothing I can do about my future.&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Matching Phenomenon suggests that individuals are attracted to others of similar desirability. For example, someone may be more likely to seek a partner who is similar to them in attractiveness or social status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Mere-Exposure Effect is the phenomenon where people develop a preference for things simply because they are familiar with them. This effect can influence choices in music, art, and even relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Informed consent is crucial in research to ensure that participants understand the study's purpose, procedures, and risks before agreeing to participate. An example could be explaining to participants in a clinical trial the potential side effects of a new medication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Learned helplessness can lead to a decrease in effort and motivation, affecting academic performance negatively. To overcome it, students can practice self-compassion, set achievable goals, and seek support from teachers or counselors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Informed consent refers to the ethical principle that research participants should understand and agree to participate in a study voluntarily after being informed of the study's purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Learned helplessness is when an individual feels powerless to change or avoid negative situations because of past experiences where they were unable to control the outcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locus of Control refers to an individual's belief about the underlying causes of events in their lives, whether attributed to internal factors (internal locus of control) or external factors (external locus of control).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Matching Phenomenon is the tendency for people to choose partners who are a similar level of attractiveness and other traits, leading to more successful and satisfying relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Mere-Exposure Effect is a psychological phenomenon where people tend to develop a preference for things simply because they are familiar with them, even if they were neutral initially. This effect can lead to increased liking and positive interactions with familiar stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Mere-Exposure Effect is demonstrated when a person starts liking a new song after hearing it repeatedly on the radio, even though they were neutral about it initially. The increased exposure leads to a preference for the song.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Door In The Face Technique involves making a large request that is likely to be refused, followed by a smaller, more reasonable request. An example is asking for a large sum of money and then asking for a smaller amount.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Sleeper Effect is a phenomenon where a message from a low-credible source becomes more persuasive over time. Initially discounted, the message becomes more favorable as time passes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social Comparison Theory suggests that people evaluate their own worth by comparing themselves to others. This comparison influences their perception of personal and social value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mirror-image perception is when conflicting parties in a situation view each other similarly, often attributing negative traits to the other. This perception can lead to communication barriers and hinder conflict resolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discrimination refers to unjust treatment of individuals based on certain characteristics. An example is racial discrimination in hiring practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The frustration-aggression principle states that frustration can lead to aggressive behavior. An example is road rage resulting from traffic congestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mirror-image perception is the tendency to see oneself as the opposite of the person with whom they are in conflict. For example, two neighbors in an argument may both see themselves as reasonable and the other as disruptive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discrimination is the unfair treatment of people based on characteristics like age. An example is not hiring someone because they are considered too young or too old for a job.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The frustration-aggression principle states that frustration can lead to aggression or aggressive behavior. For example, when individuals are prevented from reaching a goal, they may become aggressive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The door in the face technique involves making a large request that is likely to be turned down, followed by a smaller request which is the actual goal. This technique relies on the principle of reciprocity and the contrast effect to increase compliance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sleep effect refers to the phenomenon where delayed decisions made after a period of sleep tend to be more accurate and less biased. This is because the brain processes information during sleep, leading to better decision-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discrimination based on sexual orientation can occur in workplaces where individuals may be passed over for promotions or subjected to harassment due to their sexual orientation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fundamental Attribution Error is the tendency to overemphasize dispositional or personality-based explanations for others' behaviors while underestimating situational factors. It leads to judgmental errors in perceiving others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Group Polarization refers to the tendency for group members to shift towards more extreme views after discussing an issue. This can lead to groups making decisions that individual members would not have made.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Illusion of Control is the belief that one can influence outcomes that they have no control over, while Illusion of Transparency is the belief that one's internal state is more apparent to others than it actually is.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Informed Consent is the voluntary agreement to participate in a study after being informed of all aspects of the research. It ensures participants understand the risks and benefits of their involvement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Door-in-the-Face technique involves making a large request that is likely to be turned down, followed by a more reasonable request. The Foot-in-the-Door technique involves getting a person to agree to a small request before presenting a larger one.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mirror-Image Perception is the mutual misperception of each other's intentions and behaviors between conflicting groups. This can lead to a cycle of hostility and retaliation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Upward social comparison involves comparing oneself to those perceived as better, leading to motivation for self-improvement. An example is comparing one's skills to a more successful colleague to strive for improvement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social Exchange Theory suggests that social behavior is based on a cost-benefit analysis. People evaluate relationships by weighing the perceived benefits against the costs involved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social loafing refers to individuals exerting less effort in a group setting than they would individually. It can lead to decreased overall group performance and productivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Foot-in-the-Door technique involves getting a person to agree to a small request first, making it more likely for them to agree to a larger request later. An example is asking someone to sign a petition before asking them to volunteer for a cause.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Upward social comparison involves comparing oneself to those perceived as better, leading to motivation for self-improvement. Downward social comparison involves comparing oneself to those perceived as worse off, often resulting in feelings of superiority or gratitude.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social Exchange Theory focuses on a cost-benefit analysis, which may oversimplify the intricate dynamics of relationships. It may overlook emotional, cultural, or altruistic motives that influence social interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social loafing refers to the phenomenon where individuals put in less effort in a group setting than when working alone. It is often observed in situations where individuals have individual tasks, but the group's outcome depends on collective effort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The foot-in-the-door technique is a persuasion strategy where a small request is made first, followed by a larger request. Compliance is easier to achieve after agreeing to the initial small request.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social comparison is the process of evaluating oneself by comparing with others. It can influence self-esteem, motivation, and behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social exchange theory posits that individuals engage in relationships based on the cost and rewards associated with them. It emphasizes the give-and-take dynamic in interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The foot-in-the-door technique involves making a small initial request followed by a larger one, while the door-in-the-face technique starts with a large request followed by a smaller one. Both aim to increase compliance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Group process loss refers to the reduction in group performance due to decreased individual effort or coordination. An example would be a team project where some members contribute less, leading to a lower overall outcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Door In The Face Technique involves making a large request that is likely to be refused, followed by a smaller, more reasonable request. An example could be asking for a $1,000 loan, and when refused, asking for a $100 loan instead, which the person is more likely to agree to.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Sleeper Effect is a phenomenon where a message from a low-credible source becomes more persuasive over time. An example could be initially dismissing a political campaign message but eventually being persuaded by it as time passes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social Comparison Theory suggests that people evaluate their own worth by comparing themselves to others. This comparison impacts their perception of personal and social value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Foot-in-the-Door Technique involves making a small request first, which paves the way for compliance with a larger request later. An example could be asking someone to sign a petition and then later asking for a donation, which they are more likely to agree to after the initial small request.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social Exchange Theory is based on the idea of maximizing benefits and minimizing costs in relationships. It influences decision-making by assessing the rewards and risks involved in social exchanges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social Loafing refers to the tendency of individuals to exert less effort in a group setting due to a diffusion of responsibility. An example could be a group project where some members contribute less because they assume others will pick up the slack.</p> Signup and view all the answers