Social Psychology
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a key area that social psychologists focus on?

  • Social cognition
  • Social perception
  • Self-perception
  • Social influence (correct)

    • What is self-perception?

  • How our perceptions can be accurate or inaccurate
  • How we think about ourselves and present our ideas about ourselves to others (correct)
  • How we think about others and events
  • How we form impressions about others and events

    • What is social perception?

  • How our perceptions can be accurate or inaccurate
  • How we form impressions about others and events (correct)
  • How we think about others and events
  • How we think about ourselves and present our ideas about ourselves to others

    • What is social cognition?

    <p>How we think about others and events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is social influence?

    <p>How we form impressions about others and events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological perspective focuses on the relationship between behaviors and rewards or punishments?

    <p>Behaviorism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological perspective stressed the importance of looking at the whole and how people interpret their surroundings?

    <p>Gestalt psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which historical event examined the effects of racial segregation and contributed to understanding the influence of attitudes and behaviors in society?

    <p>The Clark Doll Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which field of psychology focuses on the study of both negative behaviors like aggression and prejudice, as well as positive behaviors like altruism, attraction, and leadership?

    <p>Social psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personal factor refers to an individual's belief in their ability to influence events and outcomes?

    <p>Perceived control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method do social psychologists use to form hypotheses and collect data?

    <p>Experimentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe how we think about ourselves and present our ideas about ourselves to others?

    <p>Self-perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe how we form impressions and make conclusions about others and events?

    <p>Social perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe how other people's presence, attitudes, and behaviors impact our own thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and behaviors?

    <p>Social influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe when our expectations about others influence how we behave, and our actions then produce the expected behavior, confirming our initial belief?

    <p>Self-fulfilling prophecy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the type of persuasion used?

    <p>Enhanced concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of persuasive messages in individualistic cultures?

    <p>Personal benefits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that attitudes are inferred from observing behavior?

    <p>Self-perception theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main prediction of the Theory of Planned Behavior?

    <p>Attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control predict behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of belief perseverance?

    <p>The tendency to maintain and strengthen beliefs even when faced with contradictory evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of culture tends to focus more on the situation when making attributions?

    <p>Collectivistic culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cultural group is more likely to express negative emotions?

    <p>Individualistic cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for mental strategies used to make judgments or decisions quickly and effortlessly?

    <p>Anchoring and adjustment heuristic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for estimating the likelihood of an event based on how easily instances of it come to mind?

    <p>Availability heuristic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for relying on an initial starting point and not adequately adjusting our decision?

    <p>Anchoring and adjustment heuristic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of conformity?

    <p>Changing one's behavior to align with group norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do descriptive norms define?

    <p>How people behave in a given situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor influences conformity the most?

    <p>Group size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is minority influence?

    <p>When a small group alters the attitudes or behavior of the entire group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Stanley Milgram's classic study on obedience reveal?

    <p>Individuals obeyed even when it meant administering dangerous shocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which theory suggests that people use cause and effect analyses to understand their world and interpret others' behavior?

    <p>Naïve psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which theory states that we tend to believe others' behaviors correspond to their dispositions, influenced by factors such as choice, social roles, and intended effects?

    <p>Correspondent inference theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which theory suggests that we determine the causes of others' behavior by considering consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency?

    <p>Covariation theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which theory explains how people attribute successes and failures to internal or external causes, as well as the dimensions of locus, stability, and controllability?

    <p>Attribution theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which type of attribution involves making attributions about behavior based on group membership and can be influenced by stereotypes and ethnocentrism?

    <p>Intergroup attribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are social norms and how do they influence behavior?

    <p>Social norms are unspoken but shared rules of conduct within a group. They influence behavior in subtle ways by shaping individuals' perceptions, opinions, and behaviors to align with group norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the difference between conformity, compliance, and obedience.

    <p>Conformity refers to changing one's perceptions, opinions, or behaviors to align with group norms. Compliance involves direct requests that lead to behavior change. Obedience is behavior resulting from authority figures' commands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does culture play in social influence?

    <p>Culture plays a significant role in social influence. Descriptive norms define how people behave in a given situation, while injunctive/prescriptive norms establish what one should do. Understanding social norms and cultural factors can contribute to our knowledge of social behavior and help us navigate social interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological perspective focused on the relationship between behaviors and rewards or punishments?

    <p>Behaviorism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe an individual's overall evaluation of their own attributes?

    <p>Self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory proposed ten values that motivate human actions, such as self-direction, stimulation, and achievement?

    <p>Theory of Basic Human Values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe an individual's belief in their ability to influence events and outcomes?

    <p>Perceived control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cultural group tends to prioritize interdependence and social identity?

    <p>Collectivistic cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of social psychology focuses on how we think about ourselves and present our ideas about ourselves to others?

    <p>Self-perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe how we form impressions and make conclusions about others and events?

    <p>Social perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe how we think about people and the social world, and how our perceptions can be accurate or inaccurate?

    <p>Social cognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe how other people's presence, attitudes, and behaviors impact our own thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and behaviors?

    <p>Social influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe when our expectations about others influence how we behave, and our actions then produce the expected behavior, confirming our initial belief?

    <p>Self-fulfilling prophecies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that people use cause and effect analyses to understand their world and interpret others' behavior?

    <p>Naïve psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe how we think about ourselves and present our ideas about ourselves to others?

    <p>Self-concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe when our expectations about others influence how we behave, and our actions then produce the expected behavior, confirming our initial belief?

    <p>Self-fulfilling prophecy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for estimating the likelihood of an event based on how easily instances of it come to mind?

    <p>Availability heuristic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personal factor refers to an individual's belief in their ability to influence events and outcomes?

    <p>Self-efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors influences the type of persuasion used in persuasive messages?

    <p>The audience's demographic factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of culture are appeals emphasizing interdependence more effective in persuasive messages?

    <p>Collectivistic cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that attitudes are inferred from observing behavior?

    <p>Self-perception theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for engaging in a behavior that leads to attitude change through efforts justification, dissonance reduction, and self-perception?

    <p>Cognitive Dissonance theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do attitudes predict behavior?

    <p>When they are strong, important, and based on direct experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences conformity?

    <p>Motivation for accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe behavior resulting from authority figures' commands?

    <p>Obedience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which factor influences compliance the most?

    <p>Consistency and commitment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between conformity and compliance?

    <p>Conformity involves changing one's perceptions, opinions, or behaviors to align with group norms, while compliance involves direct requests that lead to behavior change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, which theory suggests that individuals obeyed even when it meant administering dangerous shocks?

    <p>Stanley Milgram's study on obedience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the term for mental strategies used to make judgments or decisions quickly and effortlessly?

    <p>Availability heuristic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the term used to describe when our expectations about others influence how we behave, and our actions then produce the expected behavior, confirming our initial belief?

    <p>Self-fulfilling prophecy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the term used to describe relying on instinct instead of objective information, which can result in incorrect decisions?

    <p>Intuition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the term used to describe estimating the likelihood of an event based on how easily instances of it come to mind?

    <p>Availability heuristic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the term used to describe relying on an initial starting point and not adequately adjusting our decision, even when the initial anchor is incorrect?

    <p>Anchoring and adjustment heuristic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Social Psychology

    • The scientific study of how people's thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors are influenced by the presence of others
    • Focuses on self-perception, social perception, social influence, and the impact of attitudes and behaviors on the social world

    Key Areas of Social Psychology

    • Self-perception: how we think about ourselves and present our ideas about ourselves to others
    • Social perception: forming impressions and making conclusions about others and events
    • Social influence: how other people's presence, attitudes, and behaviors impact our own thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and behaviors
    • Social cognition: how we think about people and the social world, and how our perceptions can be accurate or inaccurate

    Evolution of Social Psychology

    • Influenced by behaviorism, Gestalt psychology, and historical events
    • Early criticisms of behaviorism for being too simplistic and ignoring thoughts and attitudes
    • Gestalt psychology emphasized the importance of looking at the whole and how people interpret their surroundings
    • Historical events, such as Muzafer Sherif's studies on group influence and Stanley Milgram's research on obedience to authority, have contributed to the field

    Connections to Other Fields

    • Social psychology is connected to personality psychology, clinical psychology, cognitive psychology, philosophy, sociology, biology, anthropology, and economics
    • Each field explores different aspects of human behavior, cognition, and culture

    Cultural and Subcultural Influences

    • Different cultures and subcultures influence behavior and self-concept
    • Individualistic cultures emphasize autonomy and personal identity, while collectivistic cultures prioritize interdependence and social identity
    • The theory of basic human values proposes ten values that motivate human actions, such as self-direction, stimulation, and security

    Chap 2: Personal Factors and Self-Concept

    • Self-concept refers to an individual's overall beliefs about their own attributes
    • Personal factors such as self-esteem, self-awareness, and perceived control impact self-concept
    • Self-esteem: an individual's overall evaluation of their own attributes
    • Self-awareness: the ability to recognize and understand one's own thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
    • Perceived control: the belief in one's ability to influence events and outcomes

    Chap 3: Social Perception and Attributions

    • Theories of thinking about why people behave in certain ways include naïve psychology, correspondent inference theory, covariation theory, attribution theory, and the intergroup perspective
    • Errors in thinking about others include the fundamental attribution error and the actor-observer bias
    • Nonverbal behavior plays a role in social perception, but errors can occur due to cultural differences and misinterpreting facial expressions
    • Detecting deception can be challenging due to the fundamental attribution error

    Chap 4: Shortcuts, Heuristics, and Errors in Thinking

    • Mental shortcuts, or heuristics, can lead to errors in thinking about the world
    • Examples of heuristics include intuition, availability heuristic, representativeness heuristic, base-rate fallacy, and anchoring and adjustment heuristic
    • Counterfactual thinking involves imagining alternative outcomes and can influence our experience of events
    • Presentation influences how we think about the world, including the contrast effect, framing heuristic, and impression formation

    Chap 5: Persuasive Messages

    • Persuasive messages are processed through central and peripheral routes
    • Factors that influence the type of persuasion used include the ability to focus, motivation to focus, source, content, and audience
    • Subtle factors, such as emotional appeals and subliminal processing, can impact persuasion
    • Culture impacts persuasive messages, with individualistic cultures focusing on personal benefits and independence, and collectivistic cultures emphasizing interdependence

    Chap 6: Attitudes

    • Attitudes are positive or negative evaluations that we form quickly, often unconsciously
    • Attitudes are not always a good predictor of our behavior
    • Attitudes predict behavior when they are strong, important, and based on direct experience
    • The Theory of Planned Behavior and the Prototype/Willingness Model explain the relationship between attitudes and behavior
    • Cognitive Dissonance theory suggests that attitude change occurs to reduce dissonance between behavior and attitude
    • Self-perception theory posits that attitudes are inferred from observing behavior

    Chap 7: Social Norms and Influence

    • Social norms are unspoken but shared rules of conduct within a group
    • Conformity, compliance, and obedience are forms of social influence
    • Culture plays a significant role in social influence### Social Norms
    • Descriptive norms define how people behave in a given situation, while injunctive/prescriptive norms establish what one should do.
    • Understanding social norms helps prevent pluralistic ignorance, where individuals privately reject group norms but assume others accept them.

    Conformity

    • Conformity is influenced by factors such as group size, standing alone, demographic variables, and motivation for accuracy.
    • Conformity is strongest in adolescence, while task difficulty and social motives affect conformity differently for males and females.
    • There's a motivation to learn and adhere to group norms to avoid embarrassment or awkwardness.

    Minority Influence

    • Minority influence occurs when a small group alters the attitudes or behavior of the entire group.
    • Consistency and verbal expression strengthen minority influence, leading to a wider range of arguments and multiple perspectives.

    Compliance and Obedience

    • Compliance can be induced through various strategies, such as reciprocity, consistency and commitment, scarcity, friendship/liking, authority, and unity.
    • Obedience is demonstrated by obeying commands from authority figures.
    • Stanley Milgram's classic study on obedience revealed that individuals obeyed even when it meant administering dangerous shocks.

    Cultural Differences

    • Cultural differences exist in levels of conformity, compliance, and obedience.
    • Individualistic cultures view conformity negatively, while collectivistic cultures see it as a sign of self-control, maturity, and respect.
    • Attitudes and norms align more in collectivistic cultures.
    • Rates of obedience also differ across cultures.

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    Test your knowledge of social psychology with this quiz! Explore key areas of study, including how people's thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors are influenced by others. Put your understanding of the scientific method and hypothesis testing to the test.

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