Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a key area that social psychologists focus on?
Which of the following is NOT a key area that social psychologists focus on?
- Social cognition
- Social perception
- Self-perception
- Social influence (correct)
What is self-perception?
What is self-perception?
- How our perceptions can be accurate or inaccurate
- How we think about ourselves and present our ideas about ourselves to others (correct)
- How we think about others and events
- How we form impressions about others and events
What is social perception?
What is social perception?
- How our perceptions can be accurate or inaccurate
- How we form impressions about others and events (correct)
- How we think about others and events
- How we think about ourselves and present our ideas about ourselves to others
What is social cognition?
What is social cognition?
What is social influence?
What is social influence?
Which psychological perspective focuses on the relationship between behaviors and rewards or punishments?
Which psychological perspective focuses on the relationship between behaviors and rewards or punishments?
Which psychological perspective stressed the importance of looking at the whole and how people interpret their surroundings?
Which psychological perspective stressed the importance of looking at the whole and how people interpret their surroundings?
Which historical event examined the effects of racial segregation and contributed to understanding the influence of attitudes and behaviors in society?
Which historical event examined the effects of racial segregation and contributed to understanding the influence of attitudes and behaviors in society?
Which field of psychology focuses on the study of both negative behaviors like aggression and prejudice, as well as positive behaviors like altruism, attraction, and leadership?
Which field of psychology focuses on the study of both negative behaviors like aggression and prejudice, as well as positive behaviors like altruism, attraction, and leadership?
Which personal factor refers to an individual's belief in their ability to influence events and outcomes?
Which personal factor refers to an individual's belief in their ability to influence events and outcomes?
Which method do social psychologists use to form hypotheses and collect data?
Which method do social psychologists use to form hypotheses and collect data?
What is the term used to describe how we think about ourselves and present our ideas about ourselves to others?
What is the term used to describe how we think about ourselves and present our ideas about ourselves to others?
What is the term used to describe how we form impressions and make conclusions about others and events?
What is the term used to describe how we form impressions and make conclusions about others and events?
What is the term used to describe how other people's presence, attitudes, and behaviors impact our own thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and behaviors?
What is the term used to describe how other people's presence, attitudes, and behaviors impact our own thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and behaviors?
What is the term used to describe when our expectations about others influence how we behave, and our actions then produce the expected behavior, confirming our initial belief?
What is the term used to describe when our expectations about others influence how we behave, and our actions then produce the expected behavior, confirming our initial belief?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the type of persuasion used?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the type of persuasion used?
What is the main focus of persuasive messages in individualistic cultures?
What is the main focus of persuasive messages in individualistic cultures?
Which theory suggests that attitudes are inferred from observing behavior?
Which theory suggests that attitudes are inferred from observing behavior?
What is the main prediction of the Theory of Planned Behavior?
What is the main prediction of the Theory of Planned Behavior?
What is the definition of belief perseverance?
What is the definition of belief perseverance?
Which type of culture tends to focus more on the situation when making attributions?
Which type of culture tends to focus more on the situation when making attributions?
Which cultural group is more likely to express negative emotions?
Which cultural group is more likely to express negative emotions?
What is the term for mental strategies used to make judgments or decisions quickly and effortlessly?
What is the term for mental strategies used to make judgments or decisions quickly and effortlessly?
What is the term for estimating the likelihood of an event based on how easily instances of it come to mind?
What is the term for estimating the likelihood of an event based on how easily instances of it come to mind?
What is the term for relying on an initial starting point and not adequately adjusting our decision?
What is the term for relying on an initial starting point and not adequately adjusting our decision?
Which of the following is an example of conformity?
Which of the following is an example of conformity?
What do descriptive norms define?
What do descriptive norms define?
Which factor influences conformity the most?
Which factor influences conformity the most?
What is minority influence?
What is minority influence?
What did Stanley Milgram's classic study on obedience reveal?
What did Stanley Milgram's classic study on obedience reveal?
According to the text, which theory suggests that people use cause and effect analyses to understand their world and interpret others' behavior?
According to the text, which theory suggests that people use cause and effect analyses to understand their world and interpret others' behavior?
According to the text, which theory states that we tend to believe others' behaviors correspond to their dispositions, influenced by factors such as choice, social roles, and intended effects?
According to the text, which theory states that we tend to believe others' behaviors correspond to their dispositions, influenced by factors such as choice, social roles, and intended effects?
According to the text, which theory suggests that we determine the causes of others' behavior by considering consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency?
According to the text, which theory suggests that we determine the causes of others' behavior by considering consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency?
According to the text, which theory explains how people attribute successes and failures to internal or external causes, as well as the dimensions of locus, stability, and controllability?
According to the text, which theory explains how people attribute successes and failures to internal or external causes, as well as the dimensions of locus, stability, and controllability?
According to the text, which type of attribution involves making attributions about behavior based on group membership and can be influenced by stereotypes and ethnocentrism?
According to the text, which type of attribution involves making attributions about behavior based on group membership and can be influenced by stereotypes and ethnocentrism?
What are social norms and how do they influence behavior?
What are social norms and how do they influence behavior?
Explain the difference between conformity, compliance, and obedience.
Explain the difference between conformity, compliance, and obedience.
What role does culture play in social influence?
What role does culture play in social influence?
Which psychological perspective focused on the relationship between behaviors and rewards or punishments?
Which psychological perspective focused on the relationship between behaviors and rewards or punishments?
What is the term used to describe an individual's overall evaluation of their own attributes?
What is the term used to describe an individual's overall evaluation of their own attributes?
Which theory proposed ten values that motivate human actions, such as self-direction, stimulation, and achievement?
Which theory proposed ten values that motivate human actions, such as self-direction, stimulation, and achievement?
What is the term used to describe an individual's belief in their ability to influence events and outcomes?
What is the term used to describe an individual's belief in their ability to influence events and outcomes?
Which cultural group tends to prioritize interdependence and social identity?
Which cultural group tends to prioritize interdependence and social identity?
Which area of social psychology focuses on how we think about ourselves and present our ideas about ourselves to others?
Which area of social psychology focuses on how we think about ourselves and present our ideas about ourselves to others?
What is the term used to describe how we form impressions and make conclusions about others and events?
What is the term used to describe how we form impressions and make conclusions about others and events?
What is the term used to describe how we think about people and the social world, and how our perceptions can be accurate or inaccurate?
What is the term used to describe how we think about people and the social world, and how our perceptions can be accurate or inaccurate?
What is the term used to describe how other people's presence, attitudes, and behaviors impact our own thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and behaviors?
What is the term used to describe how other people's presence, attitudes, and behaviors impact our own thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and behaviors?
What is the term used to describe when our expectations about others influence how we behave, and our actions then produce the expected behavior, confirming our initial belief?
What is the term used to describe when our expectations about others influence how we behave, and our actions then produce the expected behavior, confirming our initial belief?
Which theory suggests that people use cause and effect analyses to understand their world and interpret others' behavior?
Which theory suggests that people use cause and effect analyses to understand their world and interpret others' behavior?
What is the term used to describe how we think about ourselves and present our ideas about ourselves to others?
What is the term used to describe how we think about ourselves and present our ideas about ourselves to others?
What is the term used to describe when our expectations about others influence how we behave, and our actions then produce the expected behavior, confirming our initial belief?
What is the term used to describe when our expectations about others influence how we behave, and our actions then produce the expected behavior, confirming our initial belief?
What is the term for estimating the likelihood of an event based on how easily instances of it come to mind?
What is the term for estimating the likelihood of an event based on how easily instances of it come to mind?
Which personal factor refers to an individual's belief in their ability to influence events and outcomes?
Which personal factor refers to an individual's belief in their ability to influence events and outcomes?
Which of the following factors influences the type of persuasion used in persuasive messages?
Which of the following factors influences the type of persuasion used in persuasive messages?
In which type of culture are appeals emphasizing interdependence more effective in persuasive messages?
In which type of culture are appeals emphasizing interdependence more effective in persuasive messages?
Which theory suggests that attitudes are inferred from observing behavior?
Which theory suggests that attitudes are inferred from observing behavior?
What is the term for engaging in a behavior that leads to attitude change through efforts justification, dissonance reduction, and self-perception?
What is the term for engaging in a behavior that leads to attitude change through efforts justification, dissonance reduction, and self-perception?
How do attitudes predict behavior?
How do attitudes predict behavior?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences conformity?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences conformity?
What is the term used to describe behavior resulting from authority figures' commands?
What is the term used to describe behavior resulting from authority figures' commands?
According to the text, which factor influences compliance the most?
According to the text, which factor influences compliance the most?
What is the main difference between conformity and compliance?
What is the main difference between conformity and compliance?
According to the text, which theory suggests that individuals obeyed even when it meant administering dangerous shocks?
According to the text, which theory suggests that individuals obeyed even when it meant administering dangerous shocks?
According to the text, what is the term for mental strategies used to make judgments or decisions quickly and effortlessly?
According to the text, what is the term for mental strategies used to make judgments or decisions quickly and effortlessly?
According to the text, what is the term used to describe when our expectations about others influence how we behave, and our actions then produce the expected behavior, confirming our initial belief?
According to the text, what is the term used to describe when our expectations about others influence how we behave, and our actions then produce the expected behavior, confirming our initial belief?
According to the text, what is the term used to describe relying on instinct instead of objective information, which can result in incorrect decisions?
According to the text, what is the term used to describe relying on instinct instead of objective information, which can result in incorrect decisions?
According to the text, what is the term used to describe estimating the likelihood of an event based on how easily instances of it come to mind?
According to the text, what is the term used to describe estimating the likelihood of an event based on how easily instances of it come to mind?
According to the text, what is the term used to describe relying on an initial starting point and not adequately adjusting our decision, even when the initial anchor is incorrect?
According to the text, what is the term used to describe relying on an initial starting point and not adequately adjusting our decision, even when the initial anchor is incorrect?
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Study Notes
Social Psychology
- The scientific study of how people's thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors are influenced by the presence of others
- Focuses on self-perception, social perception, social influence, and the impact of attitudes and behaviors on the social world
Key Areas of Social Psychology
- Self-perception: how we think about ourselves and present our ideas about ourselves to others
- Social perception: forming impressions and making conclusions about others and events
- Social influence: how other people's presence, attitudes, and behaviors impact our own thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and behaviors
- Social cognition: how we think about people and the social world, and how our perceptions can be accurate or inaccurate
Evolution of Social Psychology
- Influenced by behaviorism, Gestalt psychology, and historical events
- Early criticisms of behaviorism for being too simplistic and ignoring thoughts and attitudes
- Gestalt psychology emphasized the importance of looking at the whole and how people interpret their surroundings
- Historical events, such as Muzafer Sherif's studies on group influence and Stanley Milgram's research on obedience to authority, have contributed to the field
Connections to Other Fields
- Social psychology is connected to personality psychology, clinical psychology, cognitive psychology, philosophy, sociology, biology, anthropology, and economics
- Each field explores different aspects of human behavior, cognition, and culture
Cultural and Subcultural Influences
- Different cultures and subcultures influence behavior and self-concept
- Individualistic cultures emphasize autonomy and personal identity, while collectivistic cultures prioritize interdependence and social identity
- The theory of basic human values proposes ten values that motivate human actions, such as self-direction, stimulation, and security
Chap 2: Personal Factors and Self-Concept
- Self-concept refers to an individual's overall beliefs about their own attributes
- Personal factors such as self-esteem, self-awareness, and perceived control impact self-concept
- Self-esteem: an individual's overall evaluation of their own attributes
- Self-awareness: the ability to recognize and understand one's own thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
- Perceived control: the belief in one's ability to influence events and outcomes
Chap 3: Social Perception and Attributions
- Theories of thinking about why people behave in certain ways include naïve psychology, correspondent inference theory, covariation theory, attribution theory, and the intergroup perspective
- Errors in thinking about others include the fundamental attribution error and the actor-observer bias
- Nonverbal behavior plays a role in social perception, but errors can occur due to cultural differences and misinterpreting facial expressions
- Detecting deception can be challenging due to the fundamental attribution error
Chap 4: Shortcuts, Heuristics, and Errors in Thinking
- Mental shortcuts, or heuristics, can lead to errors in thinking about the world
- Examples of heuristics include intuition, availability heuristic, representativeness heuristic, base-rate fallacy, and anchoring and adjustment heuristic
- Counterfactual thinking involves imagining alternative outcomes and can influence our experience of events
- Presentation influences how we think about the world, including the contrast effect, framing heuristic, and impression formation
Chap 5: Persuasive Messages
- Persuasive messages are processed through central and peripheral routes
- Factors that influence the type of persuasion used include the ability to focus, motivation to focus, source, content, and audience
- Subtle factors, such as emotional appeals and subliminal processing, can impact persuasion
- Culture impacts persuasive messages, with individualistic cultures focusing on personal benefits and independence, and collectivistic cultures emphasizing interdependence
Chap 6: Attitudes
- Attitudes are positive or negative evaluations that we form quickly, often unconsciously
- Attitudes are not always a good predictor of our behavior
- Attitudes predict behavior when they are strong, important, and based on direct experience
- The Theory of Planned Behavior and the Prototype/Willingness Model explain the relationship between attitudes and behavior
- Cognitive Dissonance theory suggests that attitude change occurs to reduce dissonance between behavior and attitude
- Self-perception theory posits that attitudes are inferred from observing behavior
Chap 7: Social Norms and Influence
- Social norms are unspoken but shared rules of conduct within a group
- Conformity, compliance, and obedience are forms of social influence
- Culture plays a significant role in social influence### Social Norms
- Descriptive norms define how people behave in a given situation, while injunctive/prescriptive norms establish what one should do.
- Understanding social norms helps prevent pluralistic ignorance, where individuals privately reject group norms but assume others accept them.
Conformity
- Conformity is influenced by factors such as group size, standing alone, demographic variables, and motivation for accuracy.
- Conformity is strongest in adolescence, while task difficulty and social motives affect conformity differently for males and females.
- There's a motivation to learn and adhere to group norms to avoid embarrassment or awkwardness.
Minority Influence
- Minority influence occurs when a small group alters the attitudes or behavior of the entire group.
- Consistency and verbal expression strengthen minority influence, leading to a wider range of arguments and multiple perspectives.
Compliance and Obedience
- Compliance can be induced through various strategies, such as reciprocity, consistency and commitment, scarcity, friendship/liking, authority, and unity.
- Obedience is demonstrated by obeying commands from authority figures.
- Stanley Milgram's classic study on obedience revealed that individuals obeyed even when it meant administering dangerous shocks.
Cultural Differences
- Cultural differences exist in levels of conformity, compliance, and obedience.
- Individualistic cultures view conformity negatively, while collectivistic cultures see it as a sign of self-control, maturity, and respect.
- Attitudes and norms align more in collectivistic cultures.
- Rates of obedience also differ across cultures.
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