Social Psychology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a symptom of groupthink that can lead to flawed decision-making?

  • Empowerment of individuals
  • Critical thinking
  • Dissenting opinions
  • Self-censorship (correct)

Which factor is critical for a minority group to influence a majority?

  • Disagreement within the minority
  • Conformity to majority norms
  • Inconsistency in viewpoints
  • Self-confidence in their position (correct)

What practice can help prevent groupthink during discussions?

  • Setting time limits
  • Encouraging open discussion (correct)
  • Selecting a leader based on popularity
  • Avoiding criticism of ideas

Which term describes the group's belief that they cannot fail, contributing to groupthink?

<p>Illusion of invulnerability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likelihood of jurors shifting toward acquittal after deliberation when evidence is weak?

<p>They are more likely to shift toward acquittal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an effective way to challenge a group's assumptions?

<p>Assign a devil's advocate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when members of the majority switch to a minority viewpoint?

<p>Defection from the majority (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must researchers do before participants agree to take part in a study?

<p>Obtain informed consent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the interpersonal self encompass?

<p>Social roles and relationships (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leadership focuses primarily on guiding a group towards a common goal?

<p>Task leadership (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scales (MCSDS)?

<p>To measure social desirability bias (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does locus of causality refer to in attribution theory?

<p>Internal or external cause perception of an event (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is inter-role conflict?

<p>The clash between different social roles one holds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does mere presence affect individuals?

<p>It can cause arousal without evaluation or distraction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of transformational leadership?

<p>To instill trust and motivate followers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is operationalization defined?

<p>Translating theoretical variables into measurable variables (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What relationship did Elms & Milgram's study primarily examine?

<p>The connection between authoritarianism and obedience (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Steele & Aronson's stereotype threat study, which group's performance was primarily examined?

<p>African-American students (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Stone et al.'s hypocrisy-induction experiment explore regarding participants?

<p>Situations where they treated minorities unfairly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome did Forest et al.'s physical instability experiment link to physical sensations?

<p>Lower relationship quality and satisfaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept is primarily illustrated by Dunning & Kruger's experiment?

<p>Overestimating abilities due to lack of skill (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Kennedy, Anderson, & Moore's competence experiment, how do group members view overconfident individuals?

<p>In a positive light despite revealed overconfidence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Jacobs & Eccles's study primarily focus on?

<p>Mother's endorsement of gender stereotypes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological aspect did Graham's emotion and attribution study aim to explore?

<p>The role of affective cues in decision-making (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary finding of Lichacz’s rope-pulling replication study?

<p>Providing feedback increased individual effort. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the shouting and clapping experiment conducted by Latané, Williams, & Harkins, what impact did believing others were participating have on the participants' noise output?

<p>They produced one-third less noise than when alone. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant result of Sweeney’s bicycle experiment regarding individual monitoring?

<p>Students exerted more effort when they knew they were being individually monitored. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the findings of Gabrenya et al.’s cross-cultural experiment?

<p>Social loafing was evident in all the countries studied. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Halo Effect refer to?

<p>Assuming physically attractive individuals possess other positive traits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Zimbardo’s electric shock experiment, what effect did anonymity have on the participants?

<p>Anonymous participants delivered longer shocks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Hindsight Bias?

<p>Overestimating prior certainty about an outcome after it becomes known. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Hypocrisy Induction seek to achieve?

<p>To make individuals aware of inconsistencies between their values and actions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior was observed in Diener & Wallbom’s Halloween experiment regarding group behavior?

<p>Group children took more candy than solo children. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Ideal Self is best defined as what?

<p>The person we would most like to be. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Watson’s anthropological analysis reveal about depersonalized warriors?

<p>They brutalized the enemy more than identifiable warriors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What justification did Johnson & Downing provide for the use of nurses' uniforms in their electric shock experiment?

<p>To induce feelings of authority. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes Idiocentrism?

<p>An individual-level focus on personal needs and goals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Informational Social Influences drive individuals to do?

<p>Conform based on the belief that others have accurate information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Independent Self-Construal?

<p>Emphasizing uniqueness and individuality. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Injunctive Norms specifically indicate?

<p>What behaviors are approved or disapproved in specific situations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'globality' in the context of attribution theory?

<p>Whether the cause of an event is specific to that situation or applicable across various situations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Zajonc's Drive Theory, what impact does the presence of others have on performance?

<p>It leads to increased arousal, enhancing dominant responses on easy tasks and impairing them on difficult tasks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'social loafing'?

<p>The reduction of individual effort when working as part of a group. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does 'evaluation apprehension' play in social facilitation?

<p>It increases concern over how one is perceived, leading to heightened arousal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Seidle et al.'s fMRI study, which brain areas were activated during self-serving attributions?

<p>Brain regions associated with reward and pleasure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a factor contributing to social facilitation as suggested in the content?

<p>Distraction due to the presence of others. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Michaels et al. (1982) find regarding pool players' performance?

<p>Good pool players performed better when observed, while poor players performed worse. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of motivation pertains to the importance an actor places on outcomes?

<p>Value (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms best describes how we explain the causes of events and behaviors, and how our responses are shaped by these interpretations?

<p>Attribution Theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the sources, which of the following scenarios exemplifies the concept of social facilitation?

<p>A basketball player performs better during games with a large, cheering crowd than during practice sessions with only their teammates present (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts explains the tendency to favor information that confirms our existing beliefs while ignoring or downplaying contradictory evidence

<p>Confirmation Bias (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Imagine you are conducting research on the effects of social rejection on aggressive behavior. According to the sources, which of the following manipulations would be MOST likely to reduce the relationship between experiencing social rejection and engaging in aggressive acts?

<p>Giving participants positive feedback on their performance on a challenging task to boost their self-esteem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Social Loafing

The tendency of individuals to exert less effort when working in a group compared to when working alone.

Feedback's Role

Providing feedback to individuals in a group can increase their effort and performance, combating social loafing.

Experience and Effort

Individuals with experience in a task tend to exert more effort than those with no experience.

Anonymity and Deindividuation

Anonymity can lead to deindividuation, a state where individuals feel less personal responsibility and are more likely to engage in risky or antisocial behavior.

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Cross-Cultural Loafing

Social loafing is a phenomenon observed across different cultures, indicating its universality.

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Deindividuation and Aggression

Anonymity and deindividuation can increase aggressive behavior, as seen in the KKK study.

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Anonymity and Transgression

Anonymity can lead to increased transgression, such as taking extra candy while trick-or-treating.

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Depersonalization and Brutalization

Cultures with depersonalized warriors tend to exhibit greater brutality towards enemies.

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Halo Effect

Judging someone positively based on their physical attractiveness, assuming they have other desirable traits too.

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Hawthorne Effect

People changing their behavior when they know they're being watched.

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Hindsight Bias

The tendency to think we knew an outcome beforehand, even if we didn't.

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Hypotheses

Testable predictions derived from theories.

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Hypocrisy Induction

Making people aware of inconsistencies between their values and actions to reduce prejudice.

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Ideal Self

The person we would most like to be, impacting self-esteem.

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Idiocentrism

Focusing on individual needs and goals, rather than group needs.

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Implicit Attitudes

Unconscious, automatic evaluations formed through repeated pairings.

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Globality

Whether a cause applies across different situations or is specific to the current one.

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Intentionality

Whether an action was intended or unintended.

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Value

The importance the actor places on repeating a positive outcome or avoiding a negative one.

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Expectancy

The actor's perception of the probability of attaining the desired outcome (or avoiding the undesired one).

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Social Facilitation

The tendency for the presence of others to enhance performance on easy tasks, but to impair performance on difficult tasks.

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Zajonc's Drive Theory

The presence of others increases arousal, which enhances dominant responses. Easier tasks have correct dominant responses, harder tasks have incorrect ones.

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Stereotype Threat

The negative impact on performance that occurs when a person is aware of a negative stereotype about their group.

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Evaluation Apprehension

Concern about how others are evaluating us, leading to increased arousal.

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Authoritarianism

A personality trait characterized by blind obedience to authority and a rigid adherence to social norms.

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Dunning-Kruger Effect

The tendency for people who are incompetent in a skill to overestimate their ability.

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Gender Stereotypes

Beliefs about the characteristics, roles, and abilities that are expected of men and women.

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Physical Instability

The impact of feeling physically unstable on perceptions of personal relationships.

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Attributions

The explanations we give for our own or other people's behavior.

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Affective Cues

Emotional signals or prompts that impact our cognitive processes.

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Groupthink

A phenomenon where a group's desire for harmony overrides critical thinking, leading to flawed decisions.

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Illusion of Invulnerability

Groupthink symptom where members believe they cannot fail, leading to excessive confidence and risk-taking.

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Belief in Inherent Morality

Groupthink symptom where members ignore ethics, believing their group always acts morally.

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Minority Influence

The process by which a minority group can persuade a majority to adopt their perspective.

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Consistency in Minority Influence

A minority's influence increases when they consistently express their viewpoint, regardless of opposition.

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Informed Consent

Researchers must thoroughly explain the details of a study to participants before they agree to participate.

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Deception in Research

Only allowed when absolutely necessary and approved by an ethics review board, used cautiously.

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Leniency Bias

Jurors tend to lean towards acquittal rather than conviction during deliberation, especially with weak evidence.

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Interdependent Self

A sense of self that is deeply connected to relationships and social roles. Individuals with this self-concept may experience greater self-esteem damage when their social identity is threatened.

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Interpersonal Self (Public Self)

The aspect of the self that focuses on social presentation, image, reputation, and how we are perceived by others.

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Inter-role Conflict

When the demands of different roles a person plays clash, creating tension and difficulty in fulfilling all obligations.

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Role Innovation

A strategy to alleviate inter-role conflict by finding creative solutions to reconcile the demands of different roles.

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Transactional Leadership

A leadership style that focuses on both task accomplishment and maintaining good relationships with followers by addressing individual needs.

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Locus of Causality

A concept in attribution theory explaining whether the cause of an event is perceived as internal (within the person) or external (outside the person).

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Social Desirability Bias

The tendency for individuals to present themselves in a socially favorable way, even if it means distorting their true opinions or behaviors.

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Mere Presence

The simple presence of other people can create arousal or increased alertness, even without direct interaction or evaluation.

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Study Notes

  • Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of others.
  • Researchers study group dynamics and how groups influence individuals.
  • Social psychologists use various methods, including experiments, to explore these phenomena.
  • Social facilitation describes how the presence of others can improve or impair performance, depending on the task's complexity.
  • Social loafing occurs when individuals exert less effort in groups than when working alone.
  • Group polarization is a phenomenon where group discussions strengthen the dominant viewpoints within the group.
  • Groupthink is a decision-making process where the desire for harmony or conformity overrides critical thinking.
  • Conformity is the tendency to adjust one's attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors to align with those of others.
  • Deindividuation is a phenomenon where individuals feel less accountable in groups, leading to potentially impulsive or antisocial behaviors.
  • Obedience is the act of following orders or complying with the demands of an authority figure.
  • Attribution theory explains how people interpret the causes of events and behaviors.
  • Implicit attitudes are unconscious evaluations, often based on past experiences and cultural stereotypes.
  • Self-concept refers to an individual's knowledge about themselves, including their beliefs and understanding of their characteristics.
  • Self-esteem is an individual's overall evaluation of their worth.
  • Self-schemas are cognitive structures that summarize an individual's knowledge about themselves.
  • Social cognition involves how people process and interpret social information.
  • Social comparison is comparing one's abilities or opinions to those of others.
  • Upward social comparison involves comparing oneself to someone perceived as better, while downward social comparison involves comparing oneself to someone perceived as worse.
  • The illusion of transparency is the belief that our emotions are easily visible to others.

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of social psychology and how our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are shaped by the presence of others. This quiz covers key concepts such as social facilitation, groupthink, and conformity, helping you understand the dynamics of group behavior and decision-making processes. Test your knowledge on these fundamental ideas in social psychology.

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