Social Psychology Experiments and Inhibition
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Questions and Answers

What did Norman Triplett’s bicycle racing observation reveal about cyclists?

  • Cyclists perform better when there are no distractions.
  • Cyclists' times improve when racing together. (correct)
  • Cyclists perform equally well alone and in groups.
  • Cyclists' times are faster when racing against the clock.

What was Floyd Allport’s experiment focused on?

  • The impact of competition on individual performance.
  • The influence of audience on performing arts.
  • The effect of others' presence on simple tasks. (correct)
  • The impact of group presence on complex problem solving.

Which of the following studies found that the presence of others diminishes learning efficiency?

  • Bayer’s ant excavation study.
  • Dashiell's nonsense syllables experiment. (correct)
  • Liu & Yu's online group performance study.
  • Garcia-Marques et al. study on face recognition.

What outcome was found in the Larsson’s rat experiment?

<p>Sexually active rat pairs mate more often with others present. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the key finding of Moscovici et al.'s blue slide experiment?

<p>Minority must be consistent to influence majority. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which experiment did it show that performance improves in the presence of other individuals?

<p>Bayer's ant experiment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of jurors reached a consensus after discussion, according to Kalven & Zeisel's jury study?

<p>95% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which experiment demonstrated improved accuracy in simple tasks due to the presence of others?

<p>Chen's chicken experiment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of study typically identified a negative impact of social presence?

<p>Research on complex tasks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Davis et al.'s studies, what was found to be the best predictor for a jury's decision?

<p>Two-thirds-majority scheme. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon did Hastie, Penrod, & Pennington's mock jury experiment illustrate?

<p>Group polarization in jury decisions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following studies is associated with enhancing performance in online groups?

<p>Liu &amp; Yu experiment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What finding was reported by MacCoun & Kerr in their mock jury experiments?

<p>Deliberation leads to increased leniency among jurors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Tindale et al.'s findings, what is true about a minority favoring acquittal?

<p>It stands a better chance of prevailing than one favoring conviction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of Milgram's original obedience study?

<p>65% of participants delivered the full 450-volt shock. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor manipulated in Milgram's studies influenced participants' behaviors?

<p>Proximity of the learner and experimenter. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect did the presence of an audience have on participants learning a task in Blascovich et al.'s experiment?

<p>Participants made significantly more mistakes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main finding of Blackwell, Trzesniewski, & Dweck's study on intelligence?

<p>Believing intelligence is malleable correlated with better academic performance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Diener & Beaman's Halloween experiment, what factor increased the likelihood of children taking extra candy?

<p>Participating in groups while anonymous. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Schütz's marital conflict study, what do couples tend to do more frequently?

<p>Blame their partner for conflicts rather than themselves. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key phenomenon was demonstrated in Stasser & Titus's hiring experiment?

<p>The common knowledge effect in group decision-making. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was found regarding self-disclosure in Miller, Berg, & Archer’s experiment?

<p>More intimate disclosures increased participants' likability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion was drawn from Phelps et al.'s implicit racism study?

<p>Negative implicit biases can exist alongside non-racist explicit beliefs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic correlated with higher social acceptance in Deaux’s attachment style experiment?

<p>Secure attachment style. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect did hypocrisy induction have in Dickerson et al.'s water conservation study?

<p>Induced participants conserved more water in the future. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did rewards have on intrinsic motivation according to Lepper, Greene, & Nisbett’s study?

<p>Rewards diminished intrinsic motivation for the task. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect did Aron et al.'s self-expansion experiment focus on in relation to relationships?

<p>Self-expansion and relationship satisfaction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior was observed in participants in Haney, Banks, & Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment?

<p>Guards became abusive while prisoners were submissive. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Uleman & Blader's college application experiment investigate?

<p>The role of implicit bias in decision-making. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which potential outcome did not emerge from any of the experiments discussed?

<p>Improved memory through social interaction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one finding of Langer, Blank, & Chanowitz’s study regarding compliance?

<p>Request language associated with reason increased compliance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Petty, Cacioppo, & Goldman’s personal relevance experiment, how did personal relevance affect persuasion?

<p>Personal relevance led to increased persuasion by strong arguments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Latané, Williams, & Harkins's experiment (1979) reveal about participant behavior in groups?

<p>Participants made less noise when they thought they were with others compared to when they thought they were alone. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main finding of Sweeney’s bicycle experiment (1973)?

<p>Students exerted more effort when their performance was individually monitored. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the outcome of Diener & Wallbom’s Halloween experiment (1976)?

<p>Children who were anonymous were more likely to take extra candy than identifiable ones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Gabrenya et al.’s cross-cultural experiment (1985) suggest about social loafing?

<p>Social loafing was observed in all studied countries including Japan and India. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the conclusion of Zimbardo’s electric shock experiment (1970) regarding anonymity?

<p>Anonymous women delivered longer electric shocks compared to identifiable women. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Hardy & Latané's (1986) experiment contribute to the understanding of social loafing?

<p>It confirmed previous findings about the effects of group perception on individual effort. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Watson’s anthropological analysis (1973) suggest about depersonalized warriors?

<p>They are more likely to brutalize their enemies than identifiable warriors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Johnson & Downing’s electric shock experiment (1979), how did uniforms affect behavior?

<p>Participants wearing nurses' uniforms administered fewer shocks when anonymous. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary finding of Frank & Gilovich's hockey and football analysis?

<p>Black-uniformed teams ranked highly in penalties assessed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Stoner's risk-taking experiment, which conclusion was drawn about group decision-making?

<p>Groups made riskier decisions than individuals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect did discussion have on French students according to Moscovici & Zavalloni's experiment?

<p>Discussion enhanced positive views of their president. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Isozaki’s experiment with Japanese students revealed what outcome related to guilty judgments?

<p>Students were stricter in their judgments after discussion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main finding of Whyte's business student experiment regarding investment behavior?

<p>Groups exacerbated the 'too much invested to quit' phenomenon. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What erroneous belief may be held about Myers & Bishop's study concerning racial attitudes?

<p>The study established that like-minded discussions increased gaps in attitudes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the key result of Salganik et al.'s music download experiment?

<p>Popular songs became more popular while unpopular songs decreased. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Bekafigo et al.'s study replicate from Myers & Bishop's research?

<p>The same results regarding the increase in the gap between groups. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Social Facilitation

The tendency for people to perform better on simple tasks or tasks they are good at when in the presence of others.

Social Inhibition

The tendency for people to perform worse on complex tasks or tasks they are not good at when in the presence of others.

Triplett's Bicycle Racing Observation

One of the first social psychology experiments, it observed that cyclists performed better when racing together than alone.

Allport's Multiplication Experiment

This study showed improved performance on simple multiplication problems when others were present.

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Dashiell's Motor Task Experiment

This study showed that the presence of others improved accuracy in simple motor tasks.

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Bayer's Ant Experiment

This study showed that ants excavate more sand when they are with other ants.

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Allee & Masure's Cockroach Experiment

This study found that cockroaches learned mazes more slowly in the presence of other cockroaches.

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Dashiell's Nonsense Syllable Experiment

This study showed that the presence of others diminishes efficiency at learning nonsense syllables.

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Social Loafing Effect

Individuals tend to exert less effort when working in a group compared to when working alone.

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Latané, Williams, & Harkins's Experiment

Participants shouted or clapped alone, believing others were joining them. Individual effort decreased when the perceived group size increased.

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Hardy & Latané's Experiment

Replicated the previous experiment, confirming the social loafing effect.

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Sweeney's Bicycle Experiment

Students cycled more vigorously when they knew their performance was being monitored individually than when they thought it was combined with others.

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Gabrenya et al.'s Cross-Cultural Experiment

Replicated the original experiment in various cultures, demonstrating that social loafing is a global phenomenon.

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Zimbardo's Electric Shock Experiment

Anonymous women dressed in KKK-like robes delivered longer shocks to victims than identifiable women, suggesting anonymity can increase aggression.

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Diener & Wallbom's Halloween Experiment

Children trick-or-treating in groups took more candy than solo children, and anonymous children transgressed more.

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Watson's Anthropological Analysis

Cultures with depersonalized warriors often exhibited brutal behavior towards enemies.

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Group Polarization

The tendency for group discussion to strengthen and reinforce pre-existing attitudes and opinions among group members.

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Risky Shift Phenomenon

The tendency for groups to make riskier decisions than individuals would.

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French Student Experiment

A study that showed that discussion among French students intensified their positive feelings toward their president and negative feelings toward Americans.

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Japanese Student Experiment

A study showing that Japanese students gave more severe “guilty” judgments after discussing a traffic case.

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“Too Much Invested to Quit” Phenomenon

Groups are more likely to continue investing in failing ventures due to their prior investment commitment.

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Myers & Bishop's High School Study

A classic study demonstrating that discussion among like-minded high school students increases pre-existing racial prejudices.

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Myers' Risk-Taking Experiment

This experiment found that individuals become more risk-prone when exposed to others' judgments on “risky” dilemmas, and more cautious when exposed to judgments on “cautious” dilemmas.

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Salganik's Music Download Experiment

This study found that popular songs became even more popular, and unpopular songs less popular, when participants were exposed to download choices of others.

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Moscovici's Blue Slide Experiment

A study where a minority consistently judging blue slides as green influenced the majority to occasionally agree, but wavering in their opinion made the majority less likely to agree.

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Kalven & Zeisel's Jury Study

This study showed that jury decisions are influenced by social factors just like other group decisions, often starting with disagreement and ending with consensus.

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Davis et al.'s Mock Jury Experiments

These experiments found that a 'two-thirds majority' scheme best predicts jury verdicts, implying that a majority opinion often prevails.

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Hastie, Penrod, & Pennington's Mock Jury Experiment

This study showed that deliberation in juries can lead to group polarization, where jurors become even more convinced of their initial opinions.

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MacCoun & Kerr's Mock Jury Experiments

These experiments found that jurors often become more lenient after deliberation.

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Stasser et al.'s Mock Jury Experiment

This study showed that even a bare majority initially favoring acquittal is likely to prevail.

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Tindale et al.'s Mock Jury Experiment

This study showed that minorities favoring acquittal are more likely to prevail than those favoring conviction.

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Milgram's Obedience Studies

These studies investigated obedience to authority, finding that a significant portion of participants delivered shocks to a seemingly distressed learner, highlighting obedience to authority figures.

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Social Facilitation Effect

The tendency for people to perform better on simple tasks or tasks they are good at when in the presence of others. This effect can be observed in learning tasks as well.

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Deindividuation

A psychological state of reduced self-awareness and sense of responsibility, often occurring in large groups or anonymous situations. This can lead to increased impulsivity and antisocial behavior.

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Common Knowledge Effect

Groups tend to focus on information that is shared by all members, even if that information is not the most important, while ignoring information that is only known by some members.

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Self-Disclosure and Liking

People who disclose more personal information to each other tend to like each other more. This is connected to intimacy and building trust.

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Attachment Style & Social Acceptance

People with secure attachment styles are more likely to be accepted socially. They tend to be more confident and comfortable in social interactions.

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Self-Expansion and Relationship Satisfaction

The more we learn about our partners and expand our own sense of self through the relationship, the more satisfied we are with the relationship.

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Implicit Bias in Decision-Making

Unconsciously holding negative or positive attitudes towards certain groups can influence our decisions, even if we are unaware of it.

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Effects of Implicit Bias

Implicit bias can influence how we evaluate individuals, for example, favoring people from certain groups over others in job applications or other situations.

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Malleable Intelligence Theory

The belief that intelligence can be developed and improved through effort and learning.

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Fixed Intelligence Theory

The belief that intelligence is a fixed trait that cannot be changed.

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Marital Conflict Attribution

The tendency for married couples to blame their partners for marital conflicts more than themselves.

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Implicit Racism

Unconscious negative attitudes and biases towards certain racial groups, even when people consciously hold non-racist beliefs.

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Introspection and Relationship Accuracy

The act of self-reflection on a relationship can make people less accurate in predicting its future.

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Hypocrisy Induction

A technique that creates a sense of hypocrisy by making people aware of a discrepancy between their beliefs and behaviors, leading them to change their behavior.

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Reward and Intrinsic Motivation

The effects of rewards on intrinsic motivation, where rewarding an activity can decrease a person's natural enjoyment of it.

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Power of Social Roles

The significant influence of social roles on behavior, even if roles are randomly assigned.

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Study Notes

Social Psychology Experiments

  • Norman Triplett (1898): Observed cyclists' times were faster in races with others than alone. This spurred experiments on social facilitation with children winding string.
  • Floyd Allport (1920), Dashiell (1930), Travis (1925): Found presence of others improved speed and accuracy in simple tasks (multiplication, motor tasks).
  • Bayer (1929), Chen (1937): Ants and chickens ate more in presence of conspecifics.
  • Larsson (1956): Sexually active rats mated more often with other rats present.
  • Garcia-Marques et al. (2015): Presence of others enhanced face recognition.
  • Liu & Yu (2018): Online group membership improved simple task performance.
  • Allee & Masure (1936), Gates & Allee (1933), Klopfer (1958): Cockroaches, parakeets, and green finches learned mazes more slowly with others present.

Social Inhibition

  • Dashiell (1930), Pessin (1933), Pessin & Husband (1933): Presence of others hindered efficiency in learning nonsense syllables and complex multiplication.
  • Hills et al. (2019): Face learning impaired with others present.

Social Facilitation/Evaluation Apprehension

  • Michaels et al. (1982): Good pool players performed better, poor players worse, with observers present.
  • Rosenbloom et al. (2007): Novice drivers performed worse with another person in the car.
  • Worringham & Messick (1983): Joggers sped up when facing a woman on the path, but not when they walked away.

Social Loafing

  • Ringelmann (rope-pulling, 1974): Collective effort was half the sum of individual efforts; participants exerted less effort when working as a group.
  • Ingham et al. (rope-pulling, 1974): Blindfolded participants thought others were pulling, so they pulled less than they did alone; social loafing due to perceived collective exertion.
  • Latané, Williams, & Harkins (shouting/clapping, 1979): Participants produced less noise in a group than alone, believing others were contributing.
  • Hardy & Latané (shouting/clapping, 1986): Replicated Latané, Williams, & Harkins's results.
  • Sweeney (bicycle, 1973), Gabrenya et al. (cross-cultural, 1985, 1987): Social loafing results found across diverse cultures.

Other Experiments

  • Cottrell et al. (1968): Evaluation apprehension didn't affect well-learned behaviors.
  • Mullen & Baumeister (1987): Self-conscious basketball players missed more shots in trials when performing movements consciously.
  • Johnson & Downing (1979): Participants in nurse uniforms administered fewer shocks than those in their usual attire.
  • Frank & Gilovich (1988): Black uniforms in hockey and football were associated with more penalties.
  • Stoner (1961): Groups tended to make riskier decisions than individuals.
  • Moscovici & Zavalloni (1969): Group discussion enhanced initial attitudes toward president (positive) and toward America (negative) in French students.
  • Isozaki (1984): Japanese students gave more guilty verdicts when judging a traffic case after group discussion.
  • Myers's (1978): Risk taking increased in response to knowing others' judgments.
  • Salganik et al. (2006): Participants' earlier choices influenced the popularity of songs on an online music platform.
  • Moscovici et al. (1969): Minority influence can cause majority to agree, if persistent.
  • Kalven & Zeisel (1966): Jury deliberations usually reached a consensus and in 2/3 of cases had not agreed on a verdict initially.
  • Davis et al. (1975, 1977, 1989): Mock jury decision varies based on the nature of the case; two-thirds majority helps predict outcomes in jury cases.
  • Kerr et al. (1976), Hastie, Penrod, & Pennington (1983), MacCoun & Kerr (1988), Stasser et al. (1981), Tindale (1990): Mock jury experiments supported research on group polarization, obedience, and minority influence.
  • Milgram (1963, 1974): Obedience to authority: participants delivered shocks to learners.
  • Blascovich et al. (1999), Diener & Beaman (1976), Stasser & Titus (1985, 1987): Social facilitation, deindividuation, and common knowledge effect in experiments.
  • Miller, Berg, & Archer (1983): Self-disclosure effects on liking.
  • Deaux (2007): Attachment styles influence social acceptance. Study participants were asked to rate their interaction preferences with other group members.
  • Aron et al.: Relationship satisfaction link to self-expansion.
  • Uleman & Blader (college applications): Implicit bias on decision-making. Evaluators were asked to evaluate coll application forms.

Additional Themes

  • Hypocrisy Induction (Dickerson et al., Lepper et al.): Inconsistency between attitudes and actions motivate change.
  • Stanford Prison Experiment (Haney, Banks, & Zimbardo, 1973): Power of social roles, demonstrated through assigning guard and prisoner roles.
  • Langer, Blank, & Chanowitz (1978, 1985): Explicit request language affected how often people complied.
  • Petty & Cacioppo (1981, 1984): Personal relevance of issues affected message processing.
  • Cialdini, Reno, & Kallgren (1990): Environmental cues impact littering behavior.
  • Sherif (1936): Autokinetic effect: participants converged on group norms.
  • Bargh, Chen, & Burrows (1996): Priming effects on behavior.
  • Stopa & Clark (Social Anxiety): Social scripts of people with social anxiety.
  • Fischhoff & Bar-Hillel (1984): Base rate fallacy: participants overlooked prior probabilities.
  • Rosenthal & Jacobsen (1966): Self-fulfilling prophecy: expectations can shape outcomes, showing an example of teacher expectation on student performance.

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Social Psychology Experiments PDF

Description

Explore key social psychology experiments that reveal how the presence of others can both enhance and hinder performance across various tasks. This quiz covers notable studies from different eras, highlighting the effects of social facilitation and inhibition. Test your knowledge on the fascinating interplay between social environments and individual behavior.

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