Social Psychology Experiments and Inhibition

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Questions and Answers

What did Norman Triplett’s bicycle racing observation reveal about cyclists?

Cyclists perform better when there are no distractions.

Cyclists' times improve when racing together. (correct)

Cyclists perform equally well alone and in groups.

Cyclists' times are faster when racing against the clock.

What was Floyd Allport’s experiment focused on?

The impact of competition on individual performance.

The influence of audience on performing arts.

The effect of others' presence on simple tasks. (correct)

The impact of group presence on complex problem solving.

Which of the following studies found that the presence of others diminishes learning efficiency?

Bayer’s ant excavation study.

Dashiell's nonsense syllables experiment. (correct)

Liu & Yu's online group performance study.

Garcia-Marques et al. study on face recognition.

What outcome was found in the Larsson’s rat experiment?

Sexually active rat pairs mate more often with others present. Signup and view all the answers

What was the key finding of Moscovici et al.'s blue slide experiment?

Minority must be consistent to influence majority. Signup and view all the answers

In which experiment did it show that performance improves in the presence of other individuals?

Bayer's ant experiment. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of jurors reached a consensus after discussion, according to Kalven & Zeisel's jury study?

95% Signup and view all the answers

Which experiment demonstrated improved accuracy in simple tasks due to the presence of others?

Chen's chicken experiment. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of study typically identified a negative impact of social presence?

Research on complex tasks. Signup and view all the answers

In Davis et al.'s studies, what was found to be the best predictor for a jury's decision?

Two-thirds-majority scheme. Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon did Hastie, Penrod, & Pennington's mock jury experiment illustrate?

Group polarization in jury decisions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following studies is associated with enhancing performance in online groups?

Liu & Yu experiment. Signup and view all the answers

What finding was reported by MacCoun & Kerr in their mock jury experiments?

Deliberation leads to increased leniency among jurors. Signup and view all the answers

According to Tindale et al.'s findings, what is true about a minority favoring acquittal?

It stands a better chance of prevailing than one favoring conviction. Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of Milgram's original obedience study?

65% of participants delivered the full 450-volt shock. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor manipulated in Milgram's studies influenced participants' behaviors?

Proximity of the learner and experimenter. Signup and view all the answers

What effect did the presence of an audience have on participants learning a task in Blascovich et al.'s experiment?

Participants made significantly more mistakes. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main finding of Blackwell, Trzesniewski, & Dweck's study on intelligence?

Believing intelligence is malleable correlated with better academic performance. Signup and view all the answers

In Diener & Beaman's Halloween experiment, what factor increased the likelihood of children taking extra candy?

Participating in groups while anonymous. Signup and view all the answers

In Schütz's marital conflict study, what do couples tend to do more frequently?

Blame their partner for conflicts rather than themselves. Signup and view all the answers

What key phenomenon was demonstrated in Stasser & Titus's hiring experiment?

The common knowledge effect in group decision-making. Signup and view all the answers

What was found regarding self-disclosure in Miller, Berg, & Archer’s experiment?

More intimate disclosures increased participants' likability. Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion was drawn from Phelps et al.'s implicit racism study?

Negative implicit biases can exist alongside non-racist explicit beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic correlated with higher social acceptance in Deaux’s attachment style experiment?

Secure attachment style. Signup and view all the answers

What effect did hypocrisy induction have in Dickerson et al.'s water conservation study?

Induced participants conserved more water in the future. Signup and view all the answers

What impact did rewards have on intrinsic motivation according to Lepper, Greene, & Nisbett’s study?

Rewards diminished intrinsic motivation for the task. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect did Aron et al.'s self-expansion experiment focus on in relation to relationships?

Self-expansion and relationship satisfaction. Signup and view all the answers

What behavior was observed in participants in Haney, Banks, & Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment?

Guards became abusive while prisoners were submissive. Signup and view all the answers

What did Uleman & Blader's college application experiment investigate?

The role of implicit bias in decision-making. Signup and view all the answers

Which potential outcome did not emerge from any of the experiments discussed?

Improved memory through social interaction. Signup and view all the answers

What was one finding of Langer, Blank, & Chanowitz’s study regarding compliance?

Request language associated with reason increased compliance. Signup and view all the answers

In Petty, Cacioppo, & Goldman’s personal relevance experiment, how did personal relevance affect persuasion?

Personal relevance led to increased persuasion by strong arguments. Signup and view all the answers

What did Latané, Williams, & Harkins's experiment (1979) reveal about participant behavior in groups?

Participants made less noise when they thought they were with others compared to when they thought they were alone. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main finding of Sweeney’s bicycle experiment (1973)?

Students exerted more effort when their performance was individually monitored. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the outcome of Diener & Wallbom’s Halloween experiment (1976)?

Children who were anonymous were more likely to take extra candy than identifiable ones. Signup and view all the answers

What does Gabrenya et al.’s cross-cultural experiment (1985) suggest about social loafing?

Social loafing was observed in all studied countries including Japan and India. Signup and view all the answers

What was the conclusion of Zimbardo’s electric shock experiment (1970) regarding anonymity?

Anonymous women delivered longer electric shocks compared to identifiable women. Signup and view all the answers

How did Hardy & Latané's (1986) experiment contribute to the understanding of social loafing?

It confirmed previous findings about the effects of group perception on individual effort. Signup and view all the answers

What does Watson’s anthropological analysis (1973) suggest about depersonalized warriors?

They are more likely to brutalize their enemies than identifiable warriors. Signup and view all the answers

In Johnson & Downing’s electric shock experiment (1979), how did uniforms affect behavior?

Participants wearing nurses' uniforms administered fewer shocks when anonymous. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary finding of Frank & Gilovich's hockey and football analysis?

Black-uniformed teams ranked highly in penalties assessed. Signup and view all the answers

In Stoner's risk-taking experiment, which conclusion was drawn about group decision-making?

Groups made riskier decisions than individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What effect did discussion have on French students according to Moscovici & Zavalloni's experiment?

Discussion enhanced positive views of their president. Signup and view all the answers

Isozaki’s experiment with Japanese students revealed what outcome related to guilty judgments?

Students were stricter in their judgments after discussion. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main finding of Whyte's business student experiment regarding investment behavior?

Groups exacerbated the 'too much invested to quit' phenomenon. Signup and view all the answers

What erroneous belief may be held about Myers & Bishop's study concerning racial attitudes?

The study established that like-minded discussions increased gaps in attitudes. Signup and view all the answers

What was the key result of Salganik et al.'s music download experiment?

Popular songs became more popular while unpopular songs decreased. Signup and view all the answers

What did Bekafigo et al.'s study replicate from Myers & Bishop's research?

The same results regarding the increase in the gap between groups. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Norman Triplett (1898): Observed cyclists' times were faster in races with others than alone. This spurred experiments on social facilitation with children winding string.
Floyd Allport (1920), Dashiell (1930), Travis (1925): Found presence of others improved speed and accuracy in simple tasks (multiplication, motor tasks).
Bayer (1929), Chen (1937): Ants and chickens ate more in presence of conspecifics.
Larsson (1956): Sexually active rats mated more often with other rats present.
Garcia-Marques et al. (2015): Presence of others enhanced face recognition.
Liu & Yu (2018): Online group membership improved simple task performance.
Allee & Masure (1936), Gates & Allee (1933), Klopfer (1958): Cockroaches, parakeets, and green finches learned mazes more slowly with others present.

Dashiell (1930), Pessin (1933), Pessin & Husband (1933): Presence of others hindered efficiency in learning nonsense syllables and complex multiplication.
Hills et al. (2019): Face learning impaired with others present.

Michaels et al. (1982): Good pool players performed better, poor players worse, with observers present.
Rosenbloom et al. (2007): Novice drivers performed worse with another person in the car.
Worringham & Messick (1983): Joggers sped up when facing a woman on the path, but not when they walked away.

Ringelmann (rope-pulling, 1974): Collective effort was half the sum of individual efforts; participants exerted less effort when working as a group.
Ingham et al. (rope-pulling, 1974): Blindfolded participants thought others were pulling, so they pulled less than they did alone; social loafing due to perceived collective exertion.
Latané, Williams, & Harkins (shouting/clapping, 1979): Participants produced less noise in a group than alone, believing others were contributing.
Hardy & Latané (shouting/clapping, 1986): Replicated Latané, Williams, & Harkins's results.
Sweeney (bicycle, 1973), Gabrenya et al. (cross-cultural, 1985, 1987): Social loafing results found across diverse cultures.

Other Experiments

Cottrell et al. (1968): Evaluation apprehension didn't affect well-learned behaviors.
Mullen & Baumeister (1987): Self-conscious basketball players missed more shots in trials when performing movements consciously.
Johnson & Downing (1979): Participants in nurse uniforms administered fewer shocks than those in their usual attire.
Frank & Gilovich (1988): Black uniforms in hockey and football were associated with more penalties.
Stoner (1961): Groups tended to make riskier decisions than individuals.
Moscovici & Zavalloni (1969): Group discussion enhanced initial attitudes toward president (positive) and toward America (negative) in French students.
Isozaki (1984): Japanese students gave more guilty verdicts when judging a traffic case after group discussion.
Myers's (1978): Risk taking increased in response to knowing others' judgments.
Salganik et al. (2006): Participants' earlier choices influenced the popularity of songs on an online music platform.
Moscovici et al. (1969): Minority influence can cause majority to agree, if persistent.
Kalven & Zeisel (1966): Jury deliberations usually reached a consensus and in 2/3 of cases had not agreed on a verdict initially.
Davis et al. (1975, 1977, 1989): Mock jury decision varies based on the nature of the case; two-thirds majority helps predict outcomes in jury cases.
Kerr et al. (1976), Hastie, Penrod, & Pennington (1983), MacCoun & Kerr (1988), Stasser et al. (1981), Tindale (1990): Mock jury experiments supported research on group polarization, obedience, and minority influence.
Milgram (1963, 1974): Obedience to authority: participants delivered shocks to learners.
Blascovich et al. (1999), Diener & Beaman (1976), Stasser & Titus (1985, 1987): Social facilitation, deindividuation, and common knowledge effect in experiments.
Miller, Berg, & Archer (1983): Self-disclosure effects on liking.
Deaux (2007): Attachment styles influence social acceptance. Study participants were asked to rate their interaction preferences with other group members.
Aron et al.: Relationship satisfaction link to self-expansion.
Uleman & Blader (college applications): Implicit bias on decision-making. Evaluators were asked to evaluate coll application forms.

Additional Themes

Hypocrisy Induction (Dickerson et al., Lepper et al.): Inconsistency between attitudes and actions motivate change.
Stanford Prison Experiment (Haney, Banks, & Zimbardo, 1973): Power of social roles, demonstrated through assigning guard and prisoner roles.
Langer, Blank, & Chanowitz (1978, 1985): Explicit request language affected how often people complied.
Petty & Cacioppo (1981, 1984): Personal relevance of issues affected message processing.
Cialdini, Reno, & Kallgren (1990): Environmental cues impact littering behavior.
Sherif (1936): Autokinetic effect: participants converged on group norms.
Bargh, Chen, & Burrows (1996): Priming effects on behavior.
Stopa & Clark (Social Anxiety): Social scripts of people with social anxiety.
Fischhoff & Bar-Hillel (1984): Base rate fallacy: participants overlooked prior probabilities.
Rosenthal & Jacobsen (1966): Self-fulfilling prophecy: expectations can shape outcomes, showing an example of teacher expectation on student performance.

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Explore key social psychology experiments that reveal how the presence of others can both enhance and hinder performance across various tasks. This quiz covers notable studies from different eras, highlighting the effects of social facilitation and inhibition. Test your knowledge on the fascinating interplay between social environments and individual behavior.