Social Perception and Comparison Theories

Social Perception = Ways in which people try to make sense of themselves and others Self-perception theory = Inferences about attitudes from observing behavior Cognitive-arousal theory = Emotions depend on physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation Overjustification Hypothesis = External rewards reduce intrinsic interest in activities

Bem = Proposed self-perception theory Schachter = Conducted studies on cognitive-arousal theory Singer = Collaborated on epinephrine studies Extrinsic reward theorists = Explored overjustification hypothesis

Epinephrine studies = Misleading information can affect emotional responses Cognitive-arousal theory = Emotion arises from interplay of arousal and cognition Overjustification Hypothesis = Rewards decrease intrinsic motivation Self-knowledge = Shape by interactions with other people

<p>Physiological arousal = Component of cognitive-arousal theory Intrinsic motivation = Activity enjoyment without external rewards External rewards = Can undermine intrinsic interest according to Overjustification Hypothesis Behavior observation = Used in self-perception theory to infer attitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Misinformed group = Incorrectly informed about drug effects Ignorant group = No information about drug effects provided Informed group = Received accurate information about drug effects Comparison group = Used to contrast reactions of other groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Illusory correlation = Overestimate the relationship between unrelated variables Gambler’s Fallacy = Believing a random event is more likely after several occurrences Heuristics = Mental shortcuts used to quickly form judgments Representativeness = Judging likelihood based on resemblance to typical cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Friend calls when thinking of them = Illusory correlation Believing next roulette result is black = Gambler’s Fallacy Using a quick rule of thumb in decisions = Heuristics Identifying a person as withdrawn based on few traits = Representativeness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Illusory correlation = Involves putting weight on specific instances Gambler’s Fallacy = Leads to misjudging random event probabilities Heuristics = Helps in speeding up decision-making Representativeness = Relies on stereotypes rather than statistical data</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Illusory correlation = Assuming friends can read your mind Gambler’s Fallacy = Expecting a loss after several wins Heuristics = Choosing a product based on brand familiarity Representativeness = Inferring career from someone's interests</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heuristics = Kahneman and Tversky Representativeness = Judgment under uncertainty Illusory correlation = Cognitive bias examples Gambler’s Fallacy = Probability misconceptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social comparison theory = Learn about self by comparing self to others Self-verification theory = Seeks confirmation of self-concept Impression management = Strategies to control others' impressions Cognitive errors and biases = Affects accuracy of social judgment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-monitoring = Adjusting behavior to fit the situation Self-promotion = Conveying positive information to others Self-handicapping = Sabotaging performance to save face Confirmation bias = Seeking information consistent with existing beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Downward comparisons = Social comparison theory Illusory correlation = Cognitive errors and biases Self-fulfilling prophecy = Confirmation bias Pseudopatient study = Self-verification theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Confirmation bias = Remembering information consistent with beliefs Self-verification = Focusing on self-concept confirmation Social judgment = Accuracy affected by biases Heuristics = Mental shortcuts in decision making</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Barnum effect = General statements perceived as personally relevant Self-concept = One's perception of oneself Depression = Implications of self-verification theory Cognitive biases = Systematic ways of thinking incorrectly</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sabotaging an exam = Self-handicapping Comparing success with peers = Social comparison theory Adjusting behavior for social events = Self-monitoring Attributing poor performance to lack of preparation = Self-handicapping</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-promotion = Positive reinforcement Self-handicapping = Saves face from failure Impression management = Controls social perception Social comparison = Adjusts self-assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impression management = Managing others' perceptions Cognitive errors = Affects judgment reliability Self-verification theory = Influences relationship satisfaction Social comparison theory = Determines self-evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People compare to those similar = Social comparison theory Favors information consistent with self = Self-verification theory Utilizes strategies to influence others = Impression management Common judgment errors identified = Cognitive errors and biases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fundamental attribution bias = Overestimation of dispositional factors Actor-observer effect = Dispositional attribution for others, situational for self Self-serving bias = Attributing failures to situation, successes to self Casual attribution = Making assessments about behaviors and outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anchoring and adjustment = Starting point with subsequent adjustments Dispositional factors = Traits or qualities inherent to an individual Situational factors = Circumstances affecting behavior Attribution biases = Systematic errors in judgment about causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-fulfilling prophecy = Expectations influencing behaviors leading to their fulfillment Barnum effect = Acceptance of vague personality descriptions False consensus bias = Overestimation of similarity in beliefs and behaviors with others Pseudopatients = Individuals who feigned mental illness in an experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fundamental attribution bias = Assuming someone is rude without considering their circumstances Actor-observer effect = Thinking you're late because of traffic but judging others for being late Self-serving bias = Claiming a win is due to talent but a loss is due to bad luck Anchoring = Using 32 degrees as a starting point to estimate vodka's freezing point</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pseudopatients study = Staff did not recognize non-mentally ill individuals as such Teacher's expectation experiment = Students showed significant IQ growth Horoscopes and psychic readings = Vague descriptions are often accepted as accurate Sandwich sign study = Students overestimated how many would participate in the task</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fundamental attribution bias = Behavior of others Self-serving bias = Own successes and failures Actor-observer effect = Comparison of self and others Situational attribution = Impact of context on behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fundamental attribution bias = Misjudging the reasons behind actions Self-serving bias = Inflated self-esteem Actor-observer effect = Conflicted perspectives on behavior Anchoring = Inaccurate estimates based on irrelevant information</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-fulfilling prophecy = Teacher boosting student performance expectations Barnum effect = General horoscopes applying to many individuals False consensus bias = Students believing many would disagree with them Pseudopatients = Individuals admitted for mental illness were labeled incorrectly</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-fulfilling prophecy = Observed in educational settings Barnum effect = Common in astrology and psychic phenomena False consensus bias = Emerged in behavioral observations on campus Pseudopatients = Related to a psychological study on mental illness diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-fulfilling prophecy = Can lead to increased student performance Barnum effect = Suggests people seek affirmations in vague statements False consensus bias = Leads to misunderstanding social opinions Pseudopatients = Challenges perceptions of mental illness diagnoses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Availability Heuristic = Judging the likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall information about the event Stimulation Heuristic = Likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to mentally stimulate (imagine) the event Representativeness Heuristic = Assuming someone is a member of a category based on how similar they are to the stereotype Anchoring Effect = Relying too heavily on the first piece of information encountered when making decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Availability Heuristic = People believing that there are more words with 'r' as the third letter than starting with 'r' Stimulation Heuristic = Olympic athletes feeling happier about winning bronze than silver Confirmation Bias = Only seeking information that supports one's existing beliefs Bandwagon Effect = Adopting a belief because it is popular among others</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Availability = The ease with which examples come to mind Stimulation = The ability to visualize and imagine a scenario Cognitive Dissonance = The discomfort experienced when holding conflicting beliefs Heuristic = A mental shortcut for problem-solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Choosing a librarian = Assuming someone is likely a librarian based on their traits Bronze vs Silver Happiness = Feeling higher satisfaction with bronze due to imagined scenarios Ignoring contradictory evidence = Continuing to believe in a debunked theory Following trends = Adopting habits or beliefs because many others are doing so</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Availability Heuristic = Overestimating the frequency of recent events Stimulation Heuristic = Increased happiness from a perceived lesser achievement Confirmation Bias = Reinforcement of existing beliefs Anchoring Effect = Influence of initial information on subsequent decision making</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Availability Heuristic = Based on ease of recall Stimulation Heuristic = Based on ease of visualization Fundamental Attribution Error = Overemphasis on personality while minimizing situational factors Self-Serving Bias = Tendency to attribute successes to oneself and failures to external factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Availability Heuristic = Underestimating risks Stimulation Heuristic = Misjudging personal achievements Optimism Bias = Overestimating positive outcomes Negativity Bias = Overemphasizing negative experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More words with 'r' as the third letter = People are more likely to identify words starting with 'r' due to recall Bronze medal happiness = Bronze winners happier than silver due to imagination of gold Selective exposure = People only read articles that confirm their political views Groupthink = Poor decision making in groups due to consensus seeking</p> Signup and view all the answers