Social Movements and Change Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What do Occupy Wall Street, PETA, the Arab Spring, the anti-globalization movement, and the Tea Party have in common?

They are all examples of social movements.

Social movements cannot create social change.

False

Explain how the functionalist perspective views social movements.

The functionalist perspective examines social movements as a response to dysfunction in the relationship between systems. Social movements are created when there is a lack of balance or a problem within the system. For example, the union movement rose in response to the inability of the economy to fairly distribute wealth to workers. Movements must also change their goals as initial aims are met, or they risk dissolution. If a movement does not evolve or adapt to the changing needs of society, they fail to fulfill their purpose.

Explain how the critical perspective views social movements.

<p>The critical perspective focuses on how systematic inequalities generate social movements. Because society is full of conflict, driven by inequalities, social change is seen as constant, rapid, and unavoidable. For example, the NAACP was formed in response to the brutal lynchings occurring in the southern United States, due to inequality experienced by Black Americans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the symbolic interaction perspective view social movements?

<p>The symbolic interaction perspective looks at the everyday interaction of individuals in social movements and the individual experience of social change. It also looks at individual motivations for participating in social movements; they might join for a sense of importance, support a friend, or want to be part of something larger. Those who subscribe to this perspective believe that individual participation in social movements is heavily influenced by personal meanings and the interactions between individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term "collective behaviour" mean, and give some examples.

<p>Collective behaviour is non-institutionalized activity in which many people voluntarily engage. Examples include a flash mob, a group of commuters traveling home from work, or a trend toward adopting a particular hairstyle. In short, it can be any group behavior that is not mandated or regulated by an institution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary form of collective behaviour?

<p>The society</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four types of crowds identified by Turner and Killian?

<p>Casual, conventional, expressive, and acting</p> Signup and view all the answers

The audience of the television show Game of Thrones would be considered a public.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three key properties of crowds that Le Bon identified?

<p>Le Bon identifies crowds as being characterized by anonymity, contagion, and suggestibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Emergent-norm theory views crowds as uncontrolled groups of irrational people.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does value-added theory state, according to Smelser?

<p>Value-added theory states that several conditions must be in place for collective behaviour to occur. These conditions include structural conduciveness, structural strain, growth and spread of a generalized belief, precipitating factors, mobilization for action, and social control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the assembling perspective, and how does it differ from previous theories?

<p>The assembling perspective emphasizes the processes associated with crowd behavior and the life cycle of gatherings. Unlike earlier theories, it credits individuals in crowds as rational beings and focuses on collective action rather than collective behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Winnipeg Boldness Project is a social movement working to address the needs of homeless people in Winnipeg.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the key catalysts for the development of the Western Canada Concept?

<p>The catalyst was the National Energy Program of 1980, which was seen as benefiting central Canada at the expense of Alberta's oil and gas resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Idle No More?

<p>The main focus of Idle No More is to protest the Conservative government's C-45 omnibus bill, which changed the Indian Act, the Navigation Protection Act, and the Environmental Assessment Act, and was seen as lacking proper consultation with aboriginal people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of social movement identified by sociologist David Aberle?

<p>Integrative movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which social movement focuses on how we eat as a means of addressing contemporary quality-of-life issues?

<p>Slow Food</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a stage in the life cycle of social movements?

<p>Establishment stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of resource mobilization theory?

<p>Resource mobilization theory highlights the purposeful, organizational strategies social movements employ to mobilize support, compete with other movements and opponents, and influence political decision-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain what a frame is and how it relates to social movements.

<p>Frames provide a framework to conceptualize experiences. This framework helps individuals understand social events, interpret the surrounding context, and determine appropriate behaviors. Social movements, therefore, employ frames to present their issues and values in ways that resonate with potential supporters, making their goals meaningful and attracting new participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of framing involves stating a solution and how it will be implemented?

<p>Prognostic framing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of frame alignment processes?

<p>Frame alignment processes involve linking the goals of social movements to those of other movements, even if their specific goals do not typically align. This helps to expand the movement's reach, recruit diverse participants, and create a stronger collective force.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of bridging in frame alignment.

<p>Bridging involves establishing a connection between unorganized or ineffective groups and social movements that share similar interests or goals to create a new, stronger social movement organization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of new social movement theory?

<p>New social movement theory explains the characteristics of postindustrial, quality-of-life movements, which differ from traditional social movements. These movements focus on goals of autonomy, identity, self-realization, and quality-of-life issues, as well as the ways in which individuals experience the control and commodification of their everyday lives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four common causes of social change?

<p>The four common causes of social change are technology, social institutions, population, and the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thomas Friedman argues that population is a primary driver of globalization.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The industrialization of society led to a decrease in the average family size.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Outline the three periods of globalization described by Thomas Friedman.

<p>Friedman describes three periods of globalization: 1) driven by military expansion, powered by horsepower and windpower, from the late 15th century to around 1800 CE. 2) driven by a globalizing economy, powered by steam and rail from approximately 1800 CE to 2000 CE. 3) driven by technology, particularly the internet, from the post-millennial era to the present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain one of the drawbacks of technological advancement

<p>A drawback is the increasing gap between the technological haves and have-nots, sometimes called the digital divide. This occurs both locally and globally. The lack of access to technology for certain individuals and communities can exacerbate inequalities and create disadvantages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Changes in one social institution can lead to changes in other social institutions.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of the aging baby boomer population in Canada?

<p>One consequence is an increasing demand for housing in warmer climates, as boomers seek to retire in more comfortable environments. This can impact housing markets, property values, and migration patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does human interaction with the environment increase the impact of natural disasters?

<p>Human interaction with the environment can increase the impact of natural disasters. For example, building along fragile shorelines or draining water tables to support development can increase the vulnerability of communities to disasters like floods or droughts. These changes can lead to greater consequences when natural disasters occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is modernization, and how is it measured?

<p>Modernization describes the process of increased differentiation and specialization within a society, particularly around its industry and infrastructure. It is measured by the sophistication of a society's technology, especially as it relates to infrastructure, industry, and the like. This means that a more modern nation will have access to modern technology, healthcare, advanced infrastructure, and efficient industry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Modernization always benefits all societies.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Social change is a constant and irreversible process.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Social Movements and Social Change

  • Social movements are organized groups aiming for a common goal, including creating change, resisting change, or advocating for marginalized groups.
  • The Arab Spring protests, Occupy Wall Street, and other movements demonstrate diverse social movements with differing goals and levels of organization.
  • Environmental disasters, like the 2010 BP oil spill, can trigger social change, influencing policies and community responses.
  • Sociological perspectives on social movements include functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism.

Functionalist Perspective

  • This perspective views all aspects of society as interconnected and vital to societal well-being.
  • Functionalists examine why social movements arise, persist, and what functions they serve.
  • Social movements can emerge due to societal dysfunctions, like economic inequality.
  • Success can lead to movement dissolution if goals are achieved.

Conflict Perspective

  • The conflict perspective focuses on inequality and the reproduction of power imbalances.
  • It explores how inequality fuels social movements and how change is inherent, continuous, and unavoidable.
  • The NAACP, founded in 1908, exemplifies a movement addressing systemic inequality and fighting for civil rights, even after achieving initial goals.

Symbolic Interactionist Perspective

  • This perspective analyzes everyday interactions within social movements, individual meanings attached to involvement, and the personal experience of change.
  • Individuals may join movements for reasons unrelated to the cause, such as seeking a sense of belonging and importance.

Collective Behaviour

  • Collective behaviour encompasses non-institutionalised actions by groups, including flash mobs, trends, and crowds.
  • Four main kinds are crowds, masses, publics, and social movements.
  • Crowds range from casual gatherings to acting crowds like protests.
  • A mass is a large, dispersed group with a common interest (e.g., TV audience).
  • A public is a diffuse group sharing ideas on an issue.

Emergent-Norm Perspective

  • This perspective suggests that norms in crowds are fluid and responsive to changing situations.
  • People in crowds develop and adapt norms based on their own interpretations and situation (i.e. Hurricane Katrina looting).
  • Emergent norms replace pre-existing ones in novel events, making actions understandable.

Value-Added Theory

  • This functionalist theory explains how various conditions contribute to a collective behaviour's probability.
  • Key conditions include structural conduciveness (opportunity for action), structural strain (felt tension), generalized belief (shared understanding of the problem), precipitating factors (events prompting the action), mobilization for action (leaders stepping up), and social control (actions ending the episode).

Assembling Perspective

  • This interactionist perspective focuses on the collective actions within crowds, viewing individuals within crowds as rational.
  • It differentiates between collective behaviour and collective action: the former is non-institutionalised, while the latter is interest-based.
  • The theory emphasizes the processes and development of crowd behavior.

Social Movements (Levels & Types)

  • Social movements range from local (e.g., community projects focused on early childhood development) to regional, national (e.g., Idle No More), and global (e.g., Slow Food).
  • Various types of movements include reform movements (e.g., environmental activism), revolutionary movements (e.g., 26th of July Movement), redemptive movements (e.g., Alcoholics Anonymous), alternative movements (e.g., Slow Food), and resistance movements (e.g., anti-abortion activism).

Social Movements (Stages & Theories)

  • Social movements generally follow stages: preliminary (raising awareness), coalescence (organization & publicity), institutionalization (formalized structure), and decline (loss of interest or accomplishment).
  • Collective action theories like resource mobilization (acquiring resources, attracting support), framing theories (appeal to values to gain recruits), and new social movement theory (focus on autonomy, self-fulfilment) help explain their dynamics.
  • A "frame alignment process" occurs when different movements align their goals, such as joining forces for a common cause. 

Social Change

  • Social change involves alterations to society, stemming from social movements and various external forces (technology, institutions, population, environment).
  • Technology significantly influences social change (e.g., globalization and the internet).
  • Social institutions (e.g., families, economy, governance) also affect change due to their interconnectedness.
  • Population shifts have broad social effects (e.g., aging population and the demands on institutions).
  • Environmental factors contribute significantly by driving changes to social movements and shaping our understanding of critical issues.

Modernization

  • Modernization describes the process from underdeveloped to developed societies, driven by technology.
  • Modernization often involves increased specialization and differentiation in social structures.
  • While technology can be a facilitator of change, modernization does not always positively influence all societies.

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Test your understanding of social movements and their impact on societal change. This quiz covers various perspectives, including functionalism and conflict theory, and examples such as the Arab Spring and Occupy Wall Street. Dive deep into the reasons social movements arise and their roles in society.

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