Social Learning and Differential Association Theories

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Questions and Answers

What is a key factor in the Differential Association Theory?

Environmental influences from peer interactions (correct)

Intrinsic motivations for criminal behavior

Genetic predispositions to deviance

Cognitive behavioral therapy techniques

According to Social Learning Theory, how do individuals primarily learn new behaviors?

Reading about behaviors in books

Observing and listening to others (correct)

Experiencing direct consequences

Using trial and error methods

Which principle from Differential Association Theory addresses the importance of the duration of interactions?

Duration principle (correct)

Continuity principle

Reinforcement principle

Exposure principle

What does the principle of differential association suggest about criminal behavior?

It is influenced by the balance of associations with antisocial versus prosocial peers. Signup and view all the answers

What is a commonality between Differential Association-Reinforcement Theory and Social Learning Theory?

Both integrate principles of learning from social environments. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of Specific Responsivity regarding client treatment?

Accommodate differences and diversity among participants. Signup and view all the answers

Which principle is NOT part of the RNR principles?

Maximizing punitive measures Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for culturally responsive programs in service delivery?

Consultation with cultural knowledge holders. Signup and view all the answers

Cross-cultural applicability is particularly concerned with which aspect of treatment?

Understanding cultural values and knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is cited as a more effective approach in reducing recidivism?

Indigenous and Inuit specific programs. Signup and view all the answers

What does a higher Area Under the Curve (AUC) value indicate in terms of risk assessment?

It shows a higher probability that a recidivist exceeds a non-recidivist in risk score. Signup and view all the answers

Which AUC value represents a small effect size according to the provided information?

0.56 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary disadvantage of using the AUC measurement?

It only accounts for differences between recidivists and non-recidivists. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the ROC curve, what does a point at the AUC of 0.50 signify?

Random chance in predictions. Signup and view all the answers

Which method allows for the calculation of AUC based on a 2x2 prediction table?

Receiver Operating Characteristics curve (ROC) Signup and view all the answers

What type of variable is recidivism classified as?

Dichotomous Signup and view all the answers

What does Cohen’s d measure in the context of recidivism?

The average difference between recidivists and non-recidivists relative to their variability. Signup and view all the answers

Why is AUC considered widely used and easily understood?

It is not influenced by variations in base rates. Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of using absolute recidivism rates?

Larger denominators can be misinterpreted as lower risk. Signup and view all the answers

What type of risk information tends to be preferred by clinicians and judges?

Non-numerical terminology. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes relative risk estimates?

They provide percentile ranks among justice-involved individuals. Signup and view all the answers

How does Mr. Smith's recidivism risk compare to Mr. Black's in terms of reoffending?

Mr. Smith has a higher chance of reoffending violently. Signup and view all the answers

What does a risk ratio of 2.5 imply?

The individual is 2.5 times more likely to violently reoffend compared to typical justice-involved persons. Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by Mr. Smith's VRAG score of -17?

He is positioned in the second of nine risk bins. Signup and view all the answers

What common misconception exists regarding percentile ranks in risk assessments?

Being in a high percentile guarantees reoffending. Signup and view all the answers

Which example demonstrates the use of absolute rates?

The chance of reoffending is 10 out of 100. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the significant outcomes of the Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision (STICS)?

Reduction in recidivism by about 1/3 Signup and view all the answers

What challenge was most commonly faced in the implementation of STICS across various regions?

Low staff buy-in Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'Dangerous Offender' as per the provided content?

Individuals with patterns of violent and aggressive behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly differentiates Long-Term Offenders from Dangerous Offenders?

Long-Term Offenders have a reasonable possibility of eventual control of their risk. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of preventative legislation as identified in the content?

To manage individuals posing an unmanageable risk to the public. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Proposes that humans learn through observation and interaction with others
Emphasizes cognition's role in deciding whether to engage in specific behaviors
Includes concepts of vicarious learning (learning from others' experiences) and self-efficacy (belief in one's ability to succeed)

Differential Association Theory

Focuses on the influence of social environment on criminal behavior
Argues that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others who hold favorable attitudes towards crime
Nine principles emphasize factors like frequency, duration, and status of interactions with delinquent peers

Differential Association-Reinforcement Theory

Integrates principles from Skinnerian behaviorism, Bandura's social learning theory, and Sutherland's differential association theory
Explains deviant behavior as learned through social interactions, reinforcement, and imitation

Measuring Accuracy of Risk Assessment Tools

Discrimination Accuracy (Relative Risk): Differentiates between recidivists and non-recidivists
Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) Curve: Plots false positive rate against true positive rate for various cutoff scores
Area Under the Curve (AUC): Measures overall predictive accuracy of the risk assessment tool
Cohen's d: Measures the average difference between recidivists and non-recidivists, considering their variation

Risk Information Presentation

Nominal Categories: Using non-numerical terms (low, moderate, high)
Absolute Rates: Expressing risk as frequencies, percentages, or qualified by time period
Relative Risk: Using percentile ranks or risk ratios to compare individuals to a group
Specific Responsivity: Matching interventions to individual needs, recognizing differences in motivation and readiness for treatment

RNR Principles

Risk: Prioritize interventions for higher-risk individuals
Need: Target criminogenic needs (factors contributing to criminal behavior)
Responsivity: Tailor interventions to learning styles and cultural backgrounds

RNR and Correctional Practice

Respect for the Person: Treatment should be respectful and considerate of individual needs
Human Service, not Punishment: Correctional interventions aim to improve behavior and reduce recidivism
Breadth: Programs should address multiple criminogenic needs
Assessment: Structured assessments are used to identify risks and needs

Next Steps

Cross-cultural Applicability: Adapting RNR principles to different cultures and contexts
Multi-cultural Competency: Recognizing and addressing cultural differences in service delivery
Indigenous and Inuit Programs: Specific programs designed for Indigenous populations have shown effectiveness in reducing recidivism
The Strategic Training Initiative in Community Supervision (STICS): Training program for probation officers utilizing RNR principles

Decisions Relying on Treatment Possibility

DO (Dangerous Offender): Legislative designation for individuals posing a significant and ongoing risk to the public
LTO (Long-Term Offender): Designation for individuals with the possibility of eventual control of their risk in the community
Preventative Legislation: Used to manage individuals perceived as a high and unmanageable risk to the public

Dangerous Offenders Criteria

Serious personal injury offense (SPIO)
Pattern of repetitive or persistent aggressive behavior indicating a failure to control and potential for harm
s. 753.1(b): Failure to control sexual impulses leading to likelihood of harm

Long-Term Offenders Criteria

Same criteria as Dangerous Offender, but with the potential for eventual control of risk in the community

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Description

Explore the concepts of Social Learning Theory and Differential Association Theory, including how humans learn behaviors through observation and social interactions. This quiz also covers the integration of these theories in understanding deviant behavior and the importance of risk assessment tools. Test your understanding of key principles and applications in social psychology.