Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was the primary research question explored at Bennington College?
What was the primary research question explored at Bennington College?
- The relationship between personality and academic success.
- The effectiveness of different teaching methods.
- The impact of long-term contact on attitudes. (correct)
- The influence of social pressure on student behavior.
What was the observed trend in student attitudes at Bennington College?
What was the observed trend in student attitudes at Bennington College?
- No significant change in attitudes.
- A shift towards liberal attitudes. (correct)
- A shift towards conservative attitudes.
- A shift towards more moderate attitudes.
How did the researchers operationalize student attitudes?
How did the researchers operationalize student attitudes?
- Through interviews with parents and teachers.
- Through direct observation of student interactions.
- Through questionnaires and attitude scales. (correct)
- Through analyzing student performance in classes.
Which group at Bennington College was found to have had the most influence on student attitudes?
Which group at Bennington College was found to have had the most influence on student attitudes?
What was the main concern regarding the observed changes in student attitudes?
What was the main concern regarding the observed changes in student attitudes?
How did the researchers attempt to address the concern about genuine attitude change?
How did the researchers attempt to address the concern about genuine attitude change?
Which of the following factors did NOT contribute to the observed trend in student attitudes at Bennington?
Which of the following factors did NOT contribute to the observed trend in student attitudes at Bennington?
What was the significance of the Bennington College study in terms of understanding social influence?
What was the significance of the Bennington College study in terms of understanding social influence?
How did the social psychologists gain access to the group?
How did the social psychologists gain access to the group?
What was the initial assumption of the group's members regarding the failed prophecy?
What was the initial assumption of the group's members regarding the failed prophecy?
What did Festinger et al. find when they re-examined their notes after the failed prophecy?
What did Festinger et al. find when they re-examined their notes after the failed prophecy?
What did the group do after the failed prophecy that they had not done before?
What did the group do after the failed prophecy that they had not done before?
What was the group's central belief that they were preparing for?
What was the group's central belief that they were preparing for?
Which of the following scenarios is MOST likely to occur when a group's prophecy proves false?
Which of the following scenarios is MOST likely to occur when a group's prophecy proves false?
What is a key factor that seemingly contributed to the group's strengthened beliefs in the face of a failed prophecy?
What is a key factor that seemingly contributed to the group's strengthened beliefs in the face of a failed prophecy?
Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of the group 'Seekers'?
Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of the group 'Seekers'?
What is the main point of the text in terms of obtaining a representative sample?
What is the main point of the text in terms of obtaining a representative sample?
Which of the following scenarios BEST illustrates the concept of random sampling as described in the text?
Which of the following scenarios BEST illustrates the concept of random sampling as described in the text?
Why is a 'random sample' not simply 'any old way' of selecting participants?
Why is a 'random sample' not simply 'any old way' of selecting participants?
The text compares the process of obtaining a representative sample to a chef stirring soup. What is the MOST likely reason for this analogy?
The text compares the process of obtaining a representative sample to a chef stirring soup. What is the MOST likely reason for this analogy?
How does the text present the use of random numbers in sample selection?
How does the text present the use of random numbers in sample selection?
What is a potential challenge in using random numbers to select a sample?
What is a potential challenge in using random numbers to select a sample?
What is the purpose of the text's comparison between obtaining a representative sample and a chef stirring soup?
What is the purpose of the text's comparison between obtaining a representative sample and a chef stirring soup?
What is the MOST important characteristic of a random sample, as explained in the text?
What is the MOST important characteristic of a random sample, as explained in the text?
Why is it difficult to obtain a truly random sample of all college students in the United States?
Why is it difficult to obtain a truly random sample of all college students in the United States?
Why is it difficult to get a truly random sample of the population of a community using a phone book?
Why is it difficult to get a truly random sample of the population of a community using a phone book?
If you're drawing a random sample of students in a classroom, what would make it NOT representative of all students in the class?
If you're drawing a random sample of students in a classroom, what would make it NOT representative of all students in the class?
What is a potential advantage of using multistage sampling to study college students in the United States?
What is a potential advantage of using multistage sampling to study college students in the United States?
What is a potential drawback of using multistage sampling to study college students in the United States?
What is a potential drawback of using multistage sampling to study college students in the United States?
What could be considered a bias in a sample of a community if a phone book is used to select participants?
What could be considered a bias in a sample of a community if a phone book is used to select participants?
Why is it important to consider the intended population when drawing a random sample?
Why is it important to consider the intended population when drawing a random sample?
What is the main challenge in obtaining a truly random sample of monkeys?
What is the main challenge in obtaining a truly random sample of monkeys?
What does it indicate if experimental findings can be replicated in other cultures?
What does it indicate if experimental findings can be replicated in other cultures?
What is a significant limitation of many experimental findings?
What is a significant limitation of many experimental findings?
When do researchers need to ensure representative samples?
When do researchers need to ensure representative samples?
Why might relying on a self-selected sample be problematic?
Why might relying on a self-selected sample be problematic?
What can we learn if experimental results do not replicate across cultures?
What can we learn if experimental results do not replicate across cultures?
What is an example of a situation where a representative sample is particularly important?
What is an example of a situation where a representative sample is particularly important?
What does random sampling aim to achieve in research studies?
What does random sampling aim to achieve in research studies?
What might indicate progress in research diversity according to the given information?
What might indicate progress in research diversity according to the given information?
What is the primary focus of the "Direct Observation of Behavior" section?
What is the primary focus of the "Direct Observation of Behavior" section?
What key shift in scientific understanding emerged from ethological observations?
What key shift in scientific understanding emerged from ethological observations?
What is the "eyebrow flash" in the context of human interactions?
What is the "eyebrow flash" in the context of human interactions?
What is the key takeaway from the observation of the "eyebrow flash" across different cultures?
What is the key takeaway from the observation of the "eyebrow flash" across different cultures?
What does the observation of Figure 4.7 demonstrate?
What does the observation of Figure 4.7 demonstrate?
What is the primary significance of Figure 4.8?
What is the primary significance of Figure 4.8?
How does the concept of "Just watching" relate to the overall theme of the text?
How does the concept of "Just watching" relate to the overall theme of the text?
Based on the text, which of the following is TRUE about the history of understanding behavior?
Based on the text, which of the following is TRUE about the history of understanding behavior?
Flashcards
Newcomb's study
Newcomb's study
Research on attitude change in students at Bennington College.
Long-term contact
Long-term contact
Sustained interaction between individuals with differing attitudes.
Liberal attitudes shift
Liberal attitudes shift
Movement towards more progressive beliefs over time.
Attitude scales
Attitude scales
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Social pressure
Social pressure
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Isolation of non-conformists
Isolation of non-conformists
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Private vs public attitudes
Private vs public attitudes
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Lasting attitude change
Lasting attitude change
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Americans' assumption
Americans' assumption
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Indians' assumption
Indians' assumption
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Participant observation
Participant observation
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Seekers group
Seekers group
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Festinger et al. study
Festinger et al. study
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Failed prophecy reaction
Failed prophecy reaction
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Activism after failure
Activism after failure
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Cognitive dissonance
Cognitive dissonance
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Instinctive behavior
Instinctive behavior
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Eyebrow flash
Eyebrow flash
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Cultural observation
Cultural observation
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Facial expressions
Facial expressions
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Ethological observations
Ethological observations
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Model behavior
Model behavior
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Learning vs. instinct
Learning vs. instinct
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Non-verbal communication
Non-verbal communication
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Sampling Bias
Sampling Bias
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Representative Sample
Representative Sample
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Random Sampling
Random Sampling
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Technical Meaning of Random Sample
Technical Meaning of Random Sample
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Probability Sample
Probability Sample
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Population Listing
Population Listing
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Computer-Generated Random Numbers
Computer-Generated Random Numbers
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Sampling Steps
Sampling Steps
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Cultural replication
Cultural replication
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Generality in research
Generality in research
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Limited sample base
Limited sample base
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Real-world population
Real-world population
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Election predictions
Election predictions
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Sample self-selection
Sample self-selection
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Population Definition
Population Definition
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Sample Bias
Sample Bias
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Unlisted Numbers Challenge
Unlisted Numbers Challenge
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Multistage Sampling
Multistage Sampling
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Phone Sampling
Phone Sampling
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Refusers in Sampling
Refusers in Sampling
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Study Notes
Chapter 4: Observation and Description
- Observational research differs from experimental research in that investigators do not manipulate variables but describe existing aspects of nature.
- Case studies are an observational research method where a thorough investigation of a few or just one case is carried out to find an understanding of an event's nature or implications
- Surveys and interviews are used to gather data from large groups, and each group is treated as a part of a whole sample or an entire population;
- Participant observation is a research method where investigators become part of the group they're studying, observing from the group's perspective, while studying events;
- Direct observation of behavior involves observing subject behavior from outside of a situation, observing behavior from the outside of the situation systematically and carefully;
Chapter 5: Observation and Description II: Some Technical Problems
- Scientific theory may align with the user's or reader's beliefs, but this does not necessarily validate the theory
- Problems of method:
- Sampling bias: The sample subjects or events might vary from other subjects/events the researcher is interested in
- Observer effects: Subjects or events may behave differently when being observed;
- Observer bias: Researchers may perceive events in accordance to their preconceived notions
- Inferential bias- Conclusions may not be supported by the data observed;
- Ways of dealing with these problems:
- Using random sampling in a population, allowing each member of the population to have an equal chance of being selected
- Using unobtrusive measures-observing the residue of a subject's effects or behavior
- Using "blind" observers wherein observers are unaware of the intended outcomes of a study and its hypotheses
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