Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to the Social Identity Theory, what is the primary basis for individuals making sense of the world?
According to the Social Identity Theory, what is the primary basis for individuals making sense of the world?
- Categorizing people into 'us' (ingroups) and 'them' (outgroups). (correct)
- Evaluating personal achievements and career milestones.
- Understanding historical events and cultural traditions.
- Analyzing economic disparities and resource distribution.
Ingroup favoritism refers to the tendency to view outgroups as superior and to favor them over ingroups.
Ingroup favoritism refers to the tendency to view outgroups as superior and to favor them over ingroups.
False (B)
Define 'outgroup homogeneity' as it relates to Social Identity Theory.
Define 'outgroup homogeneity' as it relates to Social Identity Theory.
The tendency to perceive members of an outgroup as being more similar to each other than members of one's ingroup.
__________ comparison, where one compares themselves to those in worse situations, can lead to increased self-esteem.
__________ comparison, where one compares themselves to those in worse situations, can lead to increased self-esteem.
In the context of Social Identity Theory, what does social comparison within ingroups involve?
In the context of Social Identity Theory, what does social comparison within ingroups involve?
Upward social comparison always leads to a boost in self-esteem, regardless of the context.
Upward social comparison always leads to a boost in self-esteem, regardless of the context.
What was the primary aim of Tajfel et al.'s 1971 experiment related to Social Identity Theory?
What was the primary aim of Tajfel et al.'s 1971 experiment related to Social Identity Theory?
What was the key manipulation in Tajfel's point allocation system to minimize external biases?
What was the key manipulation in Tajfel's point allocation system to minimize external biases?
In Tajfel's experiment, the boys were told they were grouped based on a shared interest for ________ or ________ paintings.
In Tajfel's experiment, the boys were told they were grouped based on a shared interest for ________ or ________ paintings.
In Tajfel's experiment, what was the significance of using an odd number in the first point system?
In Tajfel's experiment, what was the significance of using an odd number in the first point system?
Tajfel's experiment demonstrated that shared detailed unanimous characteristics are necessary for fostering in-group favoritism.
Tajfel's experiment demonstrated that shared detailed unanimous characteristics are necessary for fostering in-group favoritism.
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
What does Social Identity Theory suggest about an individual who finds themselves to be an outlier in their ingroup?
What does Social Identity Theory suggest about an individual who finds themselves to be an outlier in their ingroup?
Explain how ingroup favoritism can boost self-esteem according to Social Identity Theory.
Explain how ingroup favoritism can boost self-esteem according to Social Identity Theory.
When an individual assesses their worth within their group by assessing their opinions and skills in reference to other members, it is known as ________.
When an individual assesses their worth within their group by assessing their opinions and skills in reference to other members, it is known as ________.
What was the second point system in Tajfel's experiment designed to investigate?
What was the second point system in Tajfel's experiment designed to investigate?
Downward comparison was studied within a group of men with prostate cancer.
Downward comparison was studied within a group of men with prostate cancer.
In Tajfel's study, why were the participants not given any other information besides codes?
In Tajfel's study, why were the participants not given any other information besides codes?
What does social comparison aim to do to an individual's social identity
What does social comparison aim to do to an individual's social identity
Those who exhibited a __________ comparison, where they compared themselves to others in a worse situation than themselves, were found to have a higher boost in self-esteem.
Those who exhibited a __________ comparison, where they compared themselves to others in a worse situation than themselves, were found to have a higher boost in self-esteem.
Flashcards
Social Identity Theory
Social Identity Theory
People categorize the world to understand it, creating "us" (ingroups) and "them" (outgroups).
Ingroups
Ingroups
Groups an individual associates with, forming a social identity.
Outgroups
Outgroups
Groups an individual does not socially identify with.
Ingroup Favoritism
Ingroup Favoritism
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Outgroup Homogeneity
Outgroup Homogeneity
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Social Comparison
Social Comparison
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Upward Comparison
Upward Comparison
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Downward Comparison
Downward Comparison
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Tajfel et al. (1971) Study Aim
Tajfel et al. (1971) Study Aim
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Tajfel et al. (1971) Procedure
Tajfel et al. (1971) Procedure
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Tajfel et al. (1971) Results
Tajfel et al. (1971) Results
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Tajfel et al. (1971) Conclusion
Tajfel et al. (1971) Conclusion
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Study Notes
Social Identity Theory
- People categorize others into "us" (ingroups) and "them" (outgroups) to understand the world.
- Ingroups are groups individuals associate with, forming their social identity.
- Outgroups are those individuals don't socially identify with.
- Ingroup favoritism involves feeling one's group is superior, boosting self-esteem and driving actions favoring the group.
- Outgroup homogeneity is generalizing outgroup members as having similar characteristics.
- Social comparison involves assessing one's worth within their group by comparing opinions and skills to others, creating security in social identity by minimizing uncertainties.
- If individuals feel below average in their ingroup, they may feel insecure or seek a new ingroup.
- Upward comparison is comparing oneself to those better off, which can lead to discouragement.
- Downward comparison is comparing oneself to those worse off, which can boost self-esteem.
Tajfel et al. (1971) Study
- Aim was to investigate intergroup discrimination by assigning boys to groups based on painting preferences.
- 48 boys aged 14-15 rated 12 abstract paintings by Klee and Kandinsky (unaware of which artist painted which).
- Boys were randomly assigned to groups supposedly based on shared interest in Klee or Kandinsky.
- Boys assigned points to ingroup and outgroup members using two systems, identified only by codes.
- The first point system had a fixed sum, so points given to one member reduced points for the other.
- The second point system was manipulated, with point allocation affecting both groups' scores.
- The two conditions were the following: high points to ingroup gets outgroup higher points than the low points the ingroup could get, average points given to ingroup, equaled the same points earned in the outgroup.
- Participants generally favored their ingroup in the first system.
- In the second system, boys gave their ingroup lower scores to maximize the difference, even if it meant lower overall scores.
- Study Results support social identity theory by showing that a perceived shared characteristic is enough to cause ingroup favoritism.
- Group favoritism was demonstrated despite a lack of other information about group members.
- Social comparison and outgroup homogeneity were not applicable due to a lack of information to create reference within individual participants.
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