Social Identity Theory and WWII
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Questions and Answers

What is implied by the phrase "settling down" in relation to aging?

  • Embracing a youthful mindset regardless of age
  • Engaging in wild parties frequently
  • Adopting specific life roles in a predictable sequence (correct)
  • Avoiding any responsibilities

    • How is aging described in the content?

  • A completely natural process without cultural implications
  • A socially constructed identity influenced by stereotypes (correct)
  • A solely biological phenomenon that is experienced uniformly
  • An inevitable path with no societal expectations

    • What does the reaction of being surprised when elderly individuals curse suggest about societal views on age?

  • There are fixed beliefs regarding appropriate behavior for different ages. (correct)
  • Elderly individuals are expected to be more humorous.
  • Cursing is considered a positive trait at any age.
  • All individuals, regardless of age, are expected to curse.

    • What does the use of phrases like "over the hill" indicate about societal perceptions of aging?

    <p>A preference for youth over old age (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do labels such as "nontraditional student" or "spinster" exist according to the content?

    <p>To categorize people who deviate from expected life stages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'gender' primarily refer to?

    <p>The social constructs associated with masculinity and femininity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding racial classification in the United States?

    <p>Racial classification has social and legal implications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region is noted for not recognizing racial groups at all?

    <p>Bulgaria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of blood quantum laws in the context of racial and ethnic identification?

    <p>They affect tribal membership and recognition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does South Africa use instead of the term 'racial groups'?

    <p>Population groups (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the concepts of masculinity and femininity defined?

    <p>Through cultural and societal practices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year was the article 'Larger Genetic Differences within Africans Than Between Africans and Eurasians' published?

    <p>2002 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which author contributed to the discourse on racial formation in the United States?

    <p>Michael Omi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does longer response times in implicit bias tests indicate?

    <p>Weaker associations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group showed the highest preference in the implicit attitudes test for body size?

    <p>Thin people (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlies the basis of most prejudices according to the content?

    <p>Socially constructed hierarchies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does computational sociology mainly focus on?

    <p>Extracting and analyzing data using computers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How have computers transformed the concept of big data?

    <p>By performing tasks unmanageable by humans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a focus of implicit bias tests?

    <p>Preferences toward different political affiliations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method can computers NOT accurately measure based on the content?

    <p>Individual thoughts and feelings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of people displayed little or no preference between fat or thin according to the implicit attitudes test?

    <p>15 percent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant cultural change occurred in the 1920s and 1930s related to gay subcultures?

    <p>Parisian nightclubs provided freedom for gay and lesbian nightlife. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor did NOT contribute to the change in lifestyle from rural to urban settings?

    <p>Continued tradition of family self-sufficiency. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did World War II impact social dynamics in the U.S.?

    <p>Unmarried individuals found themselves predominantly with the same sex. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a consequence of urban living after the mid-1900s?

    <p>Formation of hidden gay subcultures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the effect of industrialization on family structures?

    <p>It shifted labor to individual economic contribution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the content, how did urbanization affect sexual identity expression?

    <p>Facilitated the emergence of gay and lesbian subcultures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a notable difference in freedom between men and women during this period?

    <p>Men experienced greater freedom to explore their identities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What societal structure became less common due to industrialization?

    <p>Families working together for self-sufficiency. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who authored the piece discussing sexual space accessibility for individuals with disabilities?

    <p>Andrew Gurza (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What website featured Fem Korsten's thoughts on grappling with sexuality in a wheelchair?

    <p>xoJane UK (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the work titled 'Is Fat a Feminist Issue?'

    <p>Exploring gendered nature of weight bias (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which study discusses the intersectionality of privilege and disability?

    <p>At the Intersection of White Privilege and Disability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what publication is 'Part-Time Fatso' featured?

    <p>The Fat Studies Reader (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common theme in the works listed in the notes provided?

    <p>Disability and sexual identity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who edited 'The Fat Studies Reader'?

    <p>Sondra Solovay and Esther Rothblum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary argument of Abigail C. Saguy in her article?

    <p>Exploring fatness within feminism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was considered desirable for women prior to around 1900?

    <p>Plumpness and voluptuousness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best reflects societal views on men's bodies prior to the 1900s?

    <p>Plump men were associated with wealth and virility. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did fashion in the past emphasize women's body shapes?

    <p>By using corsets and padding to enhance curves. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common reason for men's fatness being socially accepted?

    <p>It indicated economic success and masculinity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Elizabeth Cady Stanton admit about her own appearance?

    <p>She viewed herself as thin and angular, but generous inside. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements reflects the changing societal attitudes towards body image?

    <p>Cultural and historical changes have influenced body image perceptions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the perception of fat bodies among wealthy men before 1900?

    <p>They were a mark of rank and status. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cultural shift occurred regarding body image from the early 1900s onwards?

    <p>A transition toward valuing thinness over plumpness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Settling Down

    The expectation to fulfill specific life roles as one ages.

    Socially Constructed Age

    The idea that age is defined by societal norms, not just biology.

    Aging vs Age

    Aging is a natural process; age refers to societal expectations.

    Identity Hierarchy

    The ranking of social identities based on esteem and value.

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    Stigmatization of Aging

    The societal tendency to view aging negatively.

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    Doing Identity

    The active performance of social identities by individuals.

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    Body Hierarchies

    Social rankings based on physical appearance and body size.

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    Historical Body Preferences

    Desirable body types change over time, e.g., plumpness before 1900.

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    Corsets

    Under garments used to shape a woman's body, emphasizing curves.

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    Fat Suits

    Accessories like padding used to create the illusion of larger hips or waist.

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    Plumpness in Men

    In historical context, a sign of wealth and masculinity among men.

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    Cultural Change in Body Image

    Shifts in societal attitudes toward body sizes over time.

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    Elizabeth Cady Stanton vs. Susan B. Anthony

    Stanton was praised for plumpness, while Anthony faced criticism for thinness.

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    Genetic Variation

    Differences in genetic makeup among individuals within a species.

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    Adaptation in Africa

    The process by which African populations adjust genetically to their environment and challenges.

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    Race vs. Ethnicity

    Race refers to physical characteristics, while ethnicity pertains to cultural identity.

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    Gender

    The social and cultural roles associated with being male or female.

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    Stereotype

    Oversimplified and widely held beliefs about a particular group of people.

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    Blood Quantum

    A legal classification determining Indigenous identity based on the fraction of ancestry.

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    Population Groups

    Categories defining demographics in countries like South Africa.

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    Hispanic or Latino

    An ethnicity in the U.S. that encompasses diverse cultures and backgrounds, not a race.

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    Le Monocle

    A Paris nightclub in the 1920s-30s for artists and LGBTQ+ nightlife.

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    Urbanization

    The growth of cities and decline of rural populations.

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    Industrialization

    Shift from family-based economies to large-scale mechanized industry.

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    Gender Wage Gap

    The legal practice of paying women less than men for the same work.

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    World War II Impact

    The war led to a change in social dynamics, especially among genders.

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    Gay Subcultures

    Cultural groups forming in urban settings for LGBTQ+ individuals.

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    Dependency on Family Units

    Earlier economic systems relied on family members for survival.

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    Shift in Lifestyle Focus

    Men began to build identities around personal desires instead of reproduction.

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    Accessibility in Sexual Spaces

    The importance of ensuring that sexual spaces are usable for people with disabilities.

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    Thin Privilege

    The social advantages that people of thinner body types receive, often unnoticed by them.

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    Intersectionality

    The interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and disability.

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    Gendered Nature of Weight Bias

    The discrimination based on weight that varies between genders.

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    Fat Studies

    An academic field that studies the social, political, and cultural meanings of fatness.

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    Disability and Sexuality

    Exploring how disability impacts sexual experiences and identity.

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    Feminist Issue of Fatness

    The exploration of how societal views on fatness intersect with feminism.

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    White Privilege and Disability

    The advantages held by white individuals also experiencing disability compared to people of color with disabilities.

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    Implicit Bias

    Unconscious associations or attitudes towards a person or group.

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    Implicit Attitudes Test

    A test measuring automatic associations between concepts.

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    Socially Constructed Hierarchies

    The societal rankings that we learn, not born with.

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    Computational Sociology

    Research method using computers to analyze social data.

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    Big Data

    Extremely large datasets analyzed for patterns and insights.

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    Response Time

    The time taken to react to a prompt or stimulus.

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    Explicit Attitudes

    Conscious beliefs or feelings about a person or group.

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    Prejudice

    Preconceived opinion not based on reason or actual experience.

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    Study Notes

    The Lure of Identity

    • In 1939, Germany invaded Poland, initiating World War II
    • Over 100 million people from 30 countries fought in the war
    • Approximately 60 million people died, including 6 million Jews
    • Henri Tajfel, a 20-year-old Jew, was studying chemistry in France when the war began
    • Tajfel enlisted in the French army but was captured by Nazi soldiers
    • He survived as a prisoner of war and worked with children displaced by the war
    • He later studied to understand participation in and tolerance of extraordinary violence
    • He analyzed the origin and meaning of identities as well as the basis for conflict
    • Focuses on active affirmation of specific identity categories and their social placement

    Social Identity Theory

    • People need only a simple reason to form groups
    • In an experiment, teenage boys were randomly assigned into groups based on their estimates of dots on slides
    • Given minimal significance, Tajfel studied people's behavior in these groups
    • People in the groups penalized "other" groups and favored "their" group
    • This behavior was consistent with the hypothesis that people form in-group/out-group distinctions
    • Positive distinction/in-group bias is the claim that members of one's in-group are superior to members of other groups
    • Preferential treatment of members of one's in-group and the mistreatment of others

    How to Socially Construct an Identity

    • Establishing a human feature as a basis for identity
    • Deciding what will differentiate people within identity subcategories
    • Giving identity subcategories different symbolic meanings
    • Doing social identities in accordance with stereotypes
    • Elevating some identity subcategories over others

    The Origin of Sexual Identity

    • In nature, same-sex sexual behavior is common
    • Sexual desire and the way it is expressed are often determined by cultural context and upbringing
    • The 1920s and 1930s saw the emergence of gay and lesbian nightlife, especially in cities
    • This period was marked by major changes such as urbanization

    Race, Ethnicity, and the Emergence of Subcategories

    • Racial groups are not biological facts
    • Genetic variation exists mostly within groups and is not substantial between groups
    • Race is a "social fact," an artificial classification based on imagined distinctions
    • Subcategories of race were invented in the U.S

    Filling Gender Subcategories with Contents

    • Gender refers to the masculinity, femininity, characteristics, beliefs, and interests associated with being biologically male or female
    • The concept of gender is socially constructed
    • The idea of a gender binary where people come in two types, male and female is socially constructed rather than a biological reality
    • People are assigned male or female at birth based on their sex, or people may be intersex

    Act Your Age

    • Age is a social construction
    • People act according to expected norms in their communities
    • Gendered expectations vary by age
    • Stereotypes about who people should be vary by age

    The Building of Body Hierarchies

    • A preference for plumpness was once a valued characteristic in women
    • In the 1800s, thinness became a desirable characteristic for women in the U.S

    Computation Sociology

    • A research method that involves counting and describing patterns in a great variety of media
    • Computational sociology uses computers to extract data (print, visual, audio, video) and patterns from a variety of forms.
    • Analysis of this data can reveal social patterns not visible to the naked eye.

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    Description

    Explore the profound implications of Henri Tajfel's work during and after World War II. This quiz dives into social identity theory, examining how mere categorization can drive group behavior and conflict. Understand the origins of identity and its impact on society.

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