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Questions and Answers
At what age do children develop an understanding of their existence as separate individuals?
18 months
What is the primary focus of Humanistic Psychology?
to help people fulfill their potential and maximize their wellbeing
What is the term used to describe how someone thinks about or perceives themselves?
self-concept
What is self-efficacy, and how does it relate to Humanistic Psychology?
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What is the primary difference between Humanistic Psychology and other approaches?
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How does Social Psychology define the concept of self?
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What is the role of self-awareness in the formation of a self-concept?
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What is the relationship between self-concept and self-presentation?
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What is the significance of self-conscious emotions, such as guilt, shame, and embarrassment, in the context of self-concept?
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Self-concept only refers to an individual's sense of identity.
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Introspection is the primary source of self-knowledge.
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Self-esteem is a neutral evaluation of oneself.
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Self-knowledge is not essential in directing and regulating our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
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Social psychologists view self as a fixed entity.
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Self-knowledge only consists of self-concept.
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According to Social Identity Theory, people tend to distance themselves from outgroup members who perform poorly.
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Self-concept in interdependent cultures emphasizes traits that generally describe them across situations.
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The study comparing self-concepts of college students in India and the United States used a Twenty Statements Test with three categories.
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Intragroup comparison involves comparing oneself to outgroup members.
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Western cultures are characterized by an independent self-concept.
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Social Identity Theory suggests that people tend to move closer to negative ingroup members.
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The self-concept is developed after the age of 5 in children.
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Self-esteem is a component of self-concept.
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Humanistic Psychology focuses on dysfunction rather than personal growth.
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Self-awareness is the same as self-presentation.
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Self-efficacy is a key concept in Humanistic Psychology.
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Self-concept is only relevant in Social Psychology.
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Study Notes
Self-Concept and Social Identity
- Self-concept refers to how we think about and evaluate ourselves, encompassing our sense of identity and set of beliefs about ourselves.
- Social identity theory suggests that we tend to move closer to positive others with whom we share an identity but distance from in-group members who perform poorly or otherwise make our social identity negative.
- Personal identity refers to how we categorize ourselves as an individual, while social identity refers to how we categorize ourselves as a member of a group.
- Intragroup comparison involves comparing ourselves to other ingroup members, whereas intergroup comparison involves comparing our ingroup to outgroups.
Cultural Differences in Self-Concept
- Cultures influence the type of self-concept people construct, with Western cultures emphasizing self-schema and independent traits, and interdependent cultures emphasizing roles and relationships.
- A study comparing self-concepts of college students in India and the United States found differences in self-statements, with Indian students emphasizing social identity and relationships.
Self-Knowledge and Self-Esteem
- Self-knowledge has two components: self-concept (beliefs about our personal qualities) and self-esteem (positive or negative evaluation of ourselves).
- Sources of self-knowledge include introspection, drawing inferences from behaviors, and social comparison theory.
- Self-perception theory states that we learn about ourselves by observing our behavior and making inferences about our motivations.
Humanistic Psychology and Self-Concept
- Humanistic psychology emphasizes free will, self-efficacy, and self-actualization, focusing on fulfilling potential and maximizing wellbeing.
- Self-concept is essential in humanistic psychology, defining how we think about and evaluate ourselves.
Development of Self-Concept
- The concept of self emerges by 18 months, with children developing a sense of themselves as separate individuals and forming a self-concept as they grow older.
- Self-concept is the entire sum of a person's impression of themselves, comprising their sense of identity and set of beliefs about themselves.
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Description
This quiz explores how we categorize ourselves in relation to others, including personal identity, social identity, and the comparison we make with ingroup and outgroup members. It delves into social identity theory and the continuum of personal versus social identity.
