Health and Wellness 1b

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Questions and Answers

What effect does social exclusion have on interpersonal relationships?

It threatens the desire to form strong relationships. (correct)

It has no effect on interpersonal relationships.

It encourages social interactions.

It strengthens interpersonal relationships.

Which of the following is NOT a contributor to healthy aging?

Supportive environments

Stressful relationships (correct)

Social safety networks

Opportunities for lifelong learning

How does social support impact health outcomes?

It is linked to negative health outcomes.

It has no significant impact.

It solely benefits mental health.

It contributes to positive health outcomes. (correct)

Which group reported the least social support according to the content?

Lone-parent families Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of social isolation during crises like the COVID-19 pandemic?

Increased experiences of mental health issues. Signup and view all the answers

What role do social relationships play in health problems?

They can buffer against health issues. Signup and view all the answers

According to statistics from 2021, how many Canadians were aged 65 and older?

5.9 million Signup and view all the answers

What is a direct result of social isolation mentioned in the content?

Increased risk behaviors like smoking. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of health promotion according to the provided definition?

Strengthening individual skills and changing broader social conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of primary prevention?

Immunization against infectious diseases Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes tertiary prevention from primary and secondary prevention?

It is initiated during the convalescence stage to reduce disabilities Signup and view all the answers

Which principle is NOT associated with health promotion?

Focusing solely on individual behavior change Signup and view all the answers

Which level of prevention emphasizes early detection of disease?

Secondary prevention Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does health promotion emphasize more than disease prevention?

Participation, empowerment, and equity Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is NOT aligned with the principles of health promotion?

A focus on individual risk factors only Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the role of participation in health promotion?

Participation is essential to maintain health promotion efforts Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary benefit of social support in the context of health?

It assists in coping and making behavioral changes. Signup and view all the answers

Which social conditions were found to increase symptom burdens in cancer populations?

Lack of social support and language barriers. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following population groups is noted as being particularly susceptible to complex symptom burdens?

Indigenous peoples and the homeless. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of a population’s health status do health care services account for?

25% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT covered by Medicare in Canada?

Drug costs. Signup and view all the answers

In what way are health services trending, according to recent initiatives?

Provision of community-based care. Signup and view all the answers

What historical event greatly impacted the health and well-being of Indigenous peoples in Canada?

The colonization and residential school systems. Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of the Canada Health Act ensures that health services are available across provinces?

Portability. Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant effect of racialization on health outcomes?

Higher likelihood of experiencing job insecurity Signup and view all the answers

What is one outcome experienced by Indigenous youth living on reserves compared to non-Indigenous youth?

Higher rates of suicide. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant role of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC)?

To listen to survivors and recommend policy changes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between disabilities and social isolation?

Accessibility issues contribute to social isolation for persons with disabilities. Signup and view all the answers

How did residential schools aim to affect Indigenous children?

By assimilating them into the dominant culture. Signup and view all the answers

What role can information and communication technologies play for individuals with disabilities?

They help in providing opportunities to connect with others. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary impact of racism on health outcomes for Indigenous peoples?

Detrimental effects on health Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following risk behaviours is associated with negative health consequences?

Tobacco use Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect contributes significantly to health inequities experienced by Indigenous peoples?

Racism and historical discrimination. Signup and view all the answers

Which day was established to commemorate the legacy of residential schools in Canada?

National Day for Truth and Reconciliation Signup and view all the answers

How does gender influence health according to the provided content?

It interacts with other health determinants Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of children and youth aged 5 to 17 meet the physical activity recommendation of at least 60 minutes per day?

35% Signup and view all the answers

What is one implication of the social determinants of health for policy and health care practices?

They need to consider broader social and economic contexts. Signup and view all the answers

What are the adverse effects of social determinants on health?

Increased risk of chronic diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driving factor behind tobacco use among Indigenous peoples in Canada?

Higher prevalence than non-Indigenous populations Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of health care costs does the Canada Health Act cover?

70% Signup and view all the answers

How does experiencing racism affect psychological states?

It may lead to anxiety and depression. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does not contribute to racial health disparities?

Universal access to health services Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is reported to have the highest prevalence of cigarette smoking?

Young adult males Signup and view all the answers

According to the WHO, what role does gender mainstreaming play in health?

It addresses disparities among all genders Signup and view all the answers

What factor is least likely to be associated with coping strategies among individuals facing stress?

Increased smoking rates Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of the intersection of culture and health?

Variability in understanding health and illness Signup and view all the answers

What is systemic racism as defined in the content?

Racism embedded in laws and policies Signup and view all the answers

What common reason do youth report for vaping?

Stress reduction Signup and view all the answers

How does physical inactivity impact health?

Increases likelihood of heart disease Signup and view all the answers

What health issue are Indigenous women more likely to experience, according to the WHO?

Increased maternal mortality rates Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Canadians aged 15 years and older reported cannabis use in the past 3 months by the end of 2020?

20% Signup and view all the answers

Which factor negatively affects the health of immigrants and refugees?

Unemployment and low income Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the impact of smoking cessation interventions?

They should be offered in safe environments to enhance support. Signup and view all the answers

How does societal gender role perception affect health?

It shapes health status and care accessibility Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of cultural and ethnic factors on health care interactions?

They complicate health-related lifestyle choices Signup and view all the answers

What is a major issue that has detrimental effects on women's health?

Lower wages and fewer protections Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between health and early childhood development?

It is crucial for long-term health outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What factor has contributed to the increase in cannabis usage since the Cannabis Act was enacted?

Legalization and regulatory changes Signup and view all the answers

In 2020, which group had a higher rate of edible cannabis consumption compared to the previous years?

Women Signup and view all the answers

Which social determinant is linked to better self-rated health and mental health outcomes?

Sense of community belonging Signup and view all the answers

Social exclusion affects access to resources and opportunities. Who is NOT typically affected by social exclusion?

Affluent individuals Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of health promotion as defined by the Ottawa Charter?

Enabling people to control and improve their health Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT mentioned as influencing individual health behaviors?

Diet Signup and view all the answers

Family violence has significant health effects. Which of the following is one of these effects?

Psychological consequences Signup and view all the answers

The concept of social environment includes all but which of the following?

Economic status Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic group is identified as facing worse health outcomes due to social exclusion?

Minorities in urban areas Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic for family violence victims?

Isolation with their perpetrators Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes disease prevention?

Strategies targeting the prevention of illness or disease Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the components of a healthy social environment?

Freedom from discrimination and prejudice Signup and view all the answers

Which group has seen an increase in support structures like gay-straight alliances in schools?

LGBTQ2 youth Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT essential for developing health-enhancing behaviors?

Economic disadvantage Signup and view all the answers

According to the understanding of health and disease, how are health promotion and disease prevention differentiated?

Health promotion focuses on self-actualization, while disease prevention aims to avoid illness. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Social exclusion, isolation, and lack of supportive relationships increase stress and vulnerability to disease, potentially leading to risky behaviors (e.g., smoking, substance use, overeating).
These experiences threaten the basic human need for strong interpersonal relationships.

Social safety networks and inclusion are vital for healthy aging, providing practical, emotional, informational, and affirmational support.
Supportive relationships act as a buffer against health problems.
Factors like active living, social support, supportive environments, and lifelong learning opportunities are crucial for maintaining health and cognitive capacity in older adults.
Canada's aging population (projected 12 million older persons by 2051) necessitates strong support systems.
Failure to address social support can lead to chronic conditions impacting health behaviors and healthcare utilization.
Strong social support has positive health outcomes; for example, isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted its importance as a health factor, comparable to risk factors like obesity or high blood pressure.
While widespread social support is reported in Canada, men, lone-parent families, and lower-income individuals often receive less support.
Social conditions like low income, education, and lack of social support can worsen symptom burdens in populations like cancer patients.
Specific vulnerable groups like homeless individuals, Indigenous peoples, and those with mental health concerns have higher complex symptom burdens.
Social support needs to be addressed within the broader social, political, and economic context.

Health Services

Health care services account for only 25% of population health, with factors like child benefits, housing, gender equality, equity, reconciliation, and climate change being more influential.
Quality, accessible primary care, hospital care, long-term and home care, and public health services are essential.
Preventive and primary health care examples include prenatal care, well-child clinics, immunization clinics, health education, services supporting older adults, and the COVID-19 vaccine initiative.
The Canada Health Act's principles (universality, portability, accessibility, comprehensiveness, and public administration) apply to hospital and physician services, but services like drug coverage and dental care are not always included.
Home care coverage varies by province, creating unequal access.
Health care trends shift towards community-based care, evidence-based decision making, and regional administration.
Government investments in primary health care are ongoing but have been slow in progress.

Indigenous Status

Indigenous peoples encounter significant health inequities due to historical and ongoing colonization impacts and racism.
Over 150,000 Indigenous children were forced into residential schools between the 1870s and the late 1990s, aiming to eliminate parental involvement in their upbringing.
The negative effects of residential schools continue through generations.
Indigenous peoples have higher rates of acute and chronic diseases, infant mortality, and shorter life expectancies than the general population.
Indigenous youth (aged 10-29) on reserves have significantly higher suicide rates compared to non-Indigenous youth, with 40% of Inuit youth deaths attributable to suicide, compared to 8% in other populations.

Gender

Gender roles and associated behaviours, attitudes, and power imbalances significantly influence health outcomes.
Gender can intersect with and influence other health determinants, such as income, culture, and education.
Adverse social circumstances (e.g., lack of education, poverty, and hazardous work) are linked to higher morbidity and mortality.
Women face disadvantages concerning lower wages, fewer social protections, and less agency, potentially leading to poorer health compared to men.
Men are more likely than women to die prematurely from heart disease, injuries, cancer, and suicide, while women are more prone to depression, stress, chronic conditions (like arthritis and allergies), and violence-related injuries or death.
Addressing gender inequality is vital to achieving health equity and human rights, as emphasized by the WHO.
Gender impacts people across diverse backgrounds.

Culture, Race, and Racism

Cultural and ethnic factors significantly influence how individuals engage with healthcare, prevention, and health promotion programs, and their access to health information.
Immigrants and refugees may face challenges integrating into Canadian society like unmet expectations, social integration issues, underemployment, low income, and food/housing insecurity, negatively affecting their health.
Experiences in countries of origin (violence, conflict, economic challenges) also impact their health.
Cultural competency among immigrants varies based on factors like length of stay, attitudes toward maintaining their heritage, role models, and social network interactions.
Racial disparities in Canada are associated with bias, discrimination, and stereotyping in healthcare.
Racism is the core cause of racialized health inequities, creating hierarchical views leading to unequal access and outcomes.
Systemic racism, embedded in societal structures and policies, perpetuates health disparities.
Racialized individuals face higher unemployment rates, exposure to hazardous work, limited social benefits, and job insecurity compared to non-racialized Canadians.
Experiencing racism causes distress, leading to negative psychological states which influence physiological processes (cardiovascular, immune, and endocrine).

Disability

Disabilities manifest in many forms, impacting acute and chronic health conditions and situations.
People with disabilities face higher rates of social isolation due to accessibility limitations.
Technologies like eHealth and telehealth could help reduce social isolation, connecting these individuals, providing information, and improving health access.
Individual health practices and coping skills are directly linked to social determinants of health.
Strong coping skills help manage challenges without resort to high-risk behaviours.
Risk behaviors sometimes serve as coping strategies for adverse living circumstances.

Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

Health promotion aims to increase well-being and self-actualization, while disease prevention focuses on avoiding illness.
Three levels of prevention exist: primary (prevent disease before symptoms), secondary (detect early, halt before disability), and tertiary (minimize disability) prevention.
Health promotion involves changing social, environmental, and economic factors, as well as individual skills and capabilities.
Health promotion activities are often political, addressing systemic and structural factors to create equity and social justice.
Health promotion principles include context awareness, holistic approaches, long-term perspectives, multisectoral collaborations, and diverse knowledge sources.

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Description

This quiz explores the impact of social exclusion and the importance of social safety nets for healthy aging. It highlights how strong interpersonal relationships can mitigate health risks and promote well-being among older adults. Understanding these dynamics is essential given the increasing aging population in Canada.