Payne chapter 1
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary motivation for the author to study sociology?

  • To challenge economic inequality
  • To understand the consequences of ignorance
  • To explore different nations with camera gear
  • To find answers and solutions (correct)

What are the primary concerns addressed in sociology?

  • Survival in space and intergalactic travel
  • Economic inequality and global climate change (correct)
  • Civilization risk and survival on Earth
  • Global climate change and technological advancements

What does the author imply about the purpose of studying sociology at the college level?

  • To restrict freedom and fairness
  • To achieve greater freedom and fairness (correct)
  • To limit intellectual exploration and open-mindedness
  • To promote censorship and control of information

What was the main intellectual center of humanity according to the passage?

<p>Religious elite empires of the Middle East (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, which group spent less time in everyday work and was free to contemplate human existence?

<p>Priestly classes and castes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What allowed the secular Greek academic institutions to form without a fundamental built-in bias towards faith-based explanations or political beliefs?

<p>Independent 'city-states' arrangement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique idea behind Sociology as mentioned in the text?

<p>The consideration of the group as the basic unit of humanity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does sociology use to test assumptions and develop evidence for explanations about subjects?

<p>The scientific method and statistical evidence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the text suggest that the United States of America focuses almost exclusively on the individual for its answers?

<p>For reasons that will be examined later (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of Aristotle's school?

<p>To train intellectuals in logical thinking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What era is often referred to as The Golden Age according to the text?

<p>The period when Aristotle formed his school (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What historical period is characterized by a movement towards 'Humanism' and looking to humanity for explanations and solutions?

<p>The Renaissance beginning in the 1500s (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the social science that emerged after economics and focused on dealing with individual victims of stress?

<p>Psychology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which movement did Germany become the first country in the world to make public education compulsory for all its citizens?

<p>The Enlightenment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did John Snow identify the source of cholera contamination in London?

<p>By mapping the locations of known deaths of cholera (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with developing the concept of 'random sample' as an important research tool in sociology?

<p>Harriet Martineau (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the fleeing Jewish sociologists have an impact on the Chicago School of sociology?

<p>They influenced the Chicago School towards a more courageous social reform stance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sociologist's interpretation of Darwin's theory is considered racist and classist by today's standards?

<p>Herbert Spencer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Herbert Spencer's stance on helping the poor during the potato crop famine?

<p>He advised against helping the poor and suggested selling food into Irish markets. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of Spencer's theory on war according to the text?

<p>It justified considering war as a method to eliminate 'maladapted' citizens and sort out winners and losers on the planet. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of the popularity of Social Darwinism among the wealthy, as mentioned in the text?

<p>The rich appreciated the 'scientific' stamp of approval on their bloodlines, justifying their high status and lifestyle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Spencer's social Darwinism lead to, according to the passage?

<p>An increase in hate groups across the nation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, why has Karl Marx's influence been limited in the USA?

<p>Due to widespread censorship of Marxist ideas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Karl Marx's prediction about capitalist economies, as mentioned in the passage?

<p>That extreme inequality would lead to revolutions by the working poor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do many authors hesitate to write positively about Marx's ideas, as mentioned in the passage?

<p>They fear being labeled as 'Marxist' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what did Max Weber claim was the driving force behind the development of capitalism?

<p>The ideology of non-Catholic Christians (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Emile Durkheim known for in the field of sociology?

<p>Being the first sociological researcher (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Weber's argument about government control and benefits in socialistic and democratic nations impact his confrontation with Marx's ideas?

<p>It weakened Marx's arguments about the necessity of large governments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Karl Marx define as communism?

<p>A society in which government is no longer necessary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why would Marx be dismayed by the situation in North Korea?

<p>Because North Korea practices strict authoritarian control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the ideas of Karl Marx have on Western civilization?

<p>They set a course towards greater fairness and economic equality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Durkheim's research on suicide reveal about the act of suicide?

<p>It varies widely in terms of rates, reasons, and methods across different cultures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the passage, what did Durkheim theorize as the primary influence on an individual's mind and behavior?

<p>Social ties to others in intimate groups (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor was identified as contributing to the lowest suicide rates among orthodox Jews according to the text?

<p>Strong social ties and collective salvation concept (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Karl Marx refer to as 'the opiate of the masses'?

<p>Religion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Karl Marx and Max Weber's approaches to understanding society, as mentioned in the passage?

<p>Follow the money vs. follow the ideas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Karl Marx's friendship with Friedrich Engels, as mentioned in the passage?

<p>Engels' wealth contradicted Marx's anti-rich message (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Durkheim's research, what is the relationship between social ties and suicide rates?

<p>Stronger social ties lead to lower suicide rates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Durkheim's conclusion regarding individual behavior and its determinants?

<p>It challenges the traditional Western notion of individual responsibility for behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the cross-cultural homicide statistics presented in the text demonstrate?

<p>Human behavior cannot be explained by differences within individuals alone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant impact did Jane Addams have on sociological policies in the USA?

<p>She opened Hull House as a think-tank for progressive ideas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was C. Wright Mills known for in the context of sociology?

<p>He became a famous critic of World War 1. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What made W.E.B. Du Bois a controversial figure in his time?

<p>He became a famous critic of World War 1. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main warning given by President Eisenhower in his speech?

<p>The influence of the military industrial complex on American society (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s visit to India in the 1950s?

<p>To study non-violent resistance techniques used by Mahatma Gandhi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did C. Wright Mills encourage in his work 'The Sociological Imagination'?

<p>Challenging sacred beliefs and becoming aware of the wider world (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the Functionalist and Conflict perspectives in sociology?

<p>The Functionalist perspective focuses on cooperation and harmony, while the Conflict perspective emphasizes competing interests and coercion. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did King's peaceful marches and the Montgomery bus boycott impact the civil rights movement according to the text?

<p>They led to the passing of landmark civil rights laws in the United States. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach do modern sociological researchers use to keep their research practical and scientific?

<p>They focus on testing only parts of theoretical perspectives at a time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential weakness of the Functionalist perspective in sociology?

<p>Its research findings are often convenient for the powerful because their advantage is not the main point of interest. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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