Social and Political Research Methods

Variables, specifically the characteristics of cases.

To produce generalizations that apply broadly.

Theory.

<p>Deduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transforming hypotheses into empirically observable statements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Induction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A hypothesis is at a lower level of abstraction and generality than a theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To achieve an understanding of subjects in their entirety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A four-step path: theoretical framework, empirical recording, results of analysis, return to theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Causal models, which depict cause-effect relationships between variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To understand the motivations underlying behavior and develop classifications and typologies, rather than discerning cause-effect relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By building a 'data matrix', where collected data is organized in a standardized format across all cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quantitative research uses a pre-defined, structured design based on hypotheses, while qualitative research uses an open, interactive plan that evolves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The researcher usually shows empathy and identification with the subjects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Standardization and representativeness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prefers treating selected cases in a differential manner, according to their perceived relevance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The assumption of invariance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The scientific solution relies on measures of identical units, while the statistical solution involves groups of statistically equivalent individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Laboratory experiments and field experiments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Manipulation of the independent variable and random assignment of subjects to groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is no longer considered an experiment but rather a study based on covariation analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One limit is the artificiality of the experimental setting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sample size and selection criteria of the experimental subjects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Artificiality of the setting and reactivity of the experimental subjects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A life story focuses on the individual's personal experiences, while an oral history focuses on societal events or customs witnessed by the individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diaries and letters are written contemporaneously with the events they describe, while autobiographies are written retrospectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diaries and letters are personal documents mentioned in the text.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Memory lapses or reactivity can be concerns with oral testimony.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Personal documents typically express the author's personal perspective, while institutional documents express the institution's perspective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diaries and letters are often incomplete or biased, so using them with other sources provides a more comprehensive picture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Expressive' documents reveal the feelings, experiences, and personality of the individuals who create them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oral testimony can provide more direct and contemporary accounts of events and experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Question and answer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A standardized questionnaire has both standardized questions and answers, while a structured interview standardizes only the questions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The objectivist vs. constructivist viewpoint on knowledge and the uniformist vs. individualistic perspective on social reality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It refers to the belief that consistent patterns exist within social phenomena that can be classified.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires experience, knowledge of the target population, and clear research hypotheses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The problem of social desirability can lead to biased data and inaccurate reflections of true attitudes or behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can be either impersonal or empathic, affecting how questions are received and answered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The questionnaire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure that predetermined topics are discussed in a manner they find suitable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They involve individuals with special knowledge of a phenomenon who are not part of that phenomenon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Qualitative analysis is case-based and studies individuals as complete entities, while quantitative analysis is variable-based.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are a collective interview with a small group of individuals involved in a particular situation, used for discussion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To gather information on social phenomena that exists independently of the researcher’s actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They help delve deeper into the subject matter and clarify responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires skill in managing social interaction, question formulation, and responsiveness to the interviewee.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Results are conveyed through storytelling, providing context and depth to the findings.</p> Signup and view all the answers