Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which ethnic group is responsible for the fewest crimes in South Africa?
Which ethnic group is responsible for the fewest crimes in South Africa?
What is the primary factor differentiating offenders from law-abiding citizens according to the text?
What is the primary factor differentiating offenders from law-abiding citizens according to the text?
Which type of offences do females excel at, according to research worldwide?
Which type of offences do females excel at, according to research worldwide?
What is the chivalry hypothesis?
What is the chivalry hypothesis?
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Which countries have a female prison population percentage similar to South Africa's?
Which countries have a female prison population percentage similar to South Africa's?
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What is the juridical definition of a criminal?
What is the juridical definition of a criminal?
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What is the age limit for a juvenile according to the Correctional Services Act 8 of 1959?
What is the age limit for a juvenile according to the Correctional Services Act 8 of 1959?
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What is the difference between the terms 'child' and 'juvenile' according to the departmental practice?
What is the difference between the terms 'child' and 'juvenile' according to the departmental practice?
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What is the minimum age for a person to be considered a criminal?
What is the minimum age for a person to be considered a criminal?
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What is the definition of the term 'offender' according to the text?
What is the definition of the term 'offender' according to the text?
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Which ethnic group has the lowest crime rates according to self-report studies?
Which ethnic group has the lowest crime rates according to self-report studies?
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What factors have been offered as explanations for the difference in incidence of crime among different ethnic groups?
What factors have been offered as explanations for the difference in incidence of crime among different ethnic groups?
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Which researcher attributed the difference in crime rate between black and white nations to inheritable differences in intelligence, sex hormones, and aggression?
Which researcher attributed the difference in crime rate between black and white nations to inheritable differences in intelligence, sex hormones, and aggression?
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What did Jerome Neapolitan find when analyzing cross-national homicide rates and taking into consideration income inequality, standard of living, ethnic heterogeneity, household size, urbanization, and age composition?
What did Jerome Neapolitan find when analyzing cross-national homicide rates and taking into consideration income inequality, standard of living, ethnic heterogeneity, household size, urbanization, and age composition?
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What is a possible reason for the disproportionate violence among African Americans living in poor areas with high crime rates?
What is a possible reason for the disproportionate violence among African Americans living in poor areas with high crime rates?
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Which of the following is true about the relationship between economic inequality and murder rates in a community?
Which of the following is true about the relationship between economic inequality and murder rates in a community?
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What is the most significant factor that leads to relative deprivation and high crime rates among poor and unemployed people?
What is the most significant factor that leads to relative deprivation and high crime rates among poor and unemployed people?
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Which of the following crimes is correlated with unemployment rates according to Gary Kleck and Ted Chiricos' research?
Which of the following crimes is correlated with unemployment rates according to Gary Kleck and Ted Chiricos' research?
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What is the impact of rapid urbanization on the high incidence of crime among black people?
What is the impact of rapid urbanization on the high incidence of crime among black people?
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According to Jules-Macquet (2014), what is the racial breakdown of sentenced offenders in South African prisons in 2014?
According to Jules-Macquet (2014), what is the racial breakdown of sentenced offenders in South African prisons in 2014?
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According to the Uniform Crime Reports published by the FBI, what is the ratio of men to women who commit violent crimes?
According to the Uniform Crime Reports published by the FBI, what is the ratio of men to women who commit violent crimes?
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What is the chivalry hypothesis?
What is the chivalry hypothesis?
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What is the concept of masked criminality?
What is the concept of masked criminality?
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What is the ratio of men to women who commit minor crimes according to self-report studies?
What is the ratio of men to women who commit minor crimes according to self-report studies?
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What is one reason why female criminals tend to receive lighter sentences than male criminals?
What is one reason why female criminals tend to receive lighter sentences than male criminals?
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According to the draft Correctional Services Bill, what is the age limit for a child?
According to the draft Correctional Services Bill, what is the age limit for a child?
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What is the main purpose of a self-report study?
What is the main purpose of a self-report study?
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According to the liberal feminist approach, what is the main reason why women are denied opportunities to participate in crime?
According to the liberal feminist approach, what is the main reason why women are denied opportunities to participate in crime?
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What is the concept of differential association attempting to account for in terms of criminal behavior?
What is the concept of differential association attempting to account for in terms of criminal behavior?
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What is the main difference between criminally violent offenders and culturally violent offenders?
What is the main difference between criminally violent offenders and culturally violent offenders?
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Study Notes
Crime and Ethnicity in South Africa
- Self-report studies indicate that the Indian ethnic group has the lowest crime rates in South Africa.
- Explanations for crime variance among ethnic groups may include socioeconomic status, community structure, and cultural factors.
Offenders vs. Law-Abiding Citizens
- Primary factor differentiating offenders from law-abiding individuals is often linked to socioeconomic conditions and environmental influences.
Female Criminal Behavior
- Females are more likely to excel in property crimes, such as shoplifting and theft, according to global research.
- The chivalry hypothesis suggests that female offenders receive more lenient treatment in the criminal justice system due to societal perceptions of gender roles.
Global Female Prison Populations
- Countries with similar female prison population percentages to South Africa include the United States and Brazil.
Legal Definitions
- A criminal is legally defined as an individual who has been convicted of committing a crime.
- The age limit for a juvenile, per the Correctional Services Act 8 of 1959, is generally defined as under 18 years.
Terminology in Juvenile Justice
- The term 'child' refers to individuals under 12 years old, whereas 'juvenile' encompasses those aged 12 to 17.
- The minimum age to be considered a criminal is typically set at 10 years.
Definition of Offender
- An offender is defined as a person who has committed an illegal act or crime.
Crime Rates and Ethnicity
- The ethnic group often identified as having the lowest crime rates based on self-report studies is the Asian community.
- Research by Richard Lynn attributes differences in crime rates between black and white nations to factors such as intelligence, sex hormones, and aggression.
Homicide and Socioeconomic Factors
- Jerome Neapolitan found that analyzing cross-national homicide rates showed significant links to factors like income inequality and urbanization.
- Disproportionate violence among African Americans in high-crime areas may relate to systemic socio-economic disparities.
Economic Inequality and Crime
- Economic inequality is positively correlated with higher murder rates within communities.
- Relative deprivation, stemming from lack of economic opportunity, is a key driver of crime in impoverished and unemployed populations.
Crime Correlation and Urbanization
- Gary Kleck and Ted Chiricos indicated a correlation between unemployment rates and property crimes.
- Rapid urbanization affects crime rates negatively, particularly among black communities, due to social disorganization and increased competition for resources.
Demographics in Prisons
- In 2014, the racial breakdown of sentenced offenders in South African prisons included a significant majority of black offenders, followed by colored, white, and Indian individuals.
Gender and Crime
- According to FBI Uniform Crime Reports, men commit violent crimes at a ratio of approximately 8:1 compared to women.
- The ratio of men to women committing minor crimes is about 3:1 according to self-report studies.
- Female criminals often receive lighter sentences than male counterparts, attributed to societal stereotypes and the chivalry hypothesis.
Legislative Considerations
- The draft Correctional Services Bill suggests that the age limit for a child in legal terms is under 12 years.
- Self-report studies primarily aim to gather anonymous data on individual criminal behavior for better understanding societal crime trends.
Theoretical Concepts in Crime
- The liberal feminist approach argues women face structured barriers, limiting their opportunity to engage in crime.
- Differential association theory posits that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions and environment.
- Criminally violent offenders are driven by aggression toward individuals, whereas culturally violent offenders’ actions are motivated by cultural or social influences.
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Description
Quiz on the Influence of Social and Economic Factors on Conventional Crime, with a Focus on Poverty and Violence in Black Communities.
