Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of public health?
Public health is focused on ______ while clinical medicine is focused on ______.
population/community, individual
Which of the following are contributions of social and behavioral sciences to public health? (Select all that apply)
Match the leading causes of death with their respective numbers:
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Most deaths in the US are related to non-preventable behaviors.
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What is the focus of prevention in public health?
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What is the purpose of primary prevention?
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Which of these factors are levels in the ecology of behavior? (Select all that apply)
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What are individual factors that affect health behavior? (Select all that apply)
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What focus does social psychology have?
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What does the Health Belief Model (HBM) emphasize?
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What is the purpose of dissemination in health programs?
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Match the following stages from the Transtheoretical Model (TTM):
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Study Notes
Public Health vs. Clinical Medicine
- Public health emphasizes prevention and focuses on population/community health.
- Clinical medicine centers on treatment and the care of individuals.
Contributions of Social and Behavioral Sciences to Public Health
- Key disciplines include psychology, sociology, anthropology, political science/public policy, economics, communications, demography, and geography.
Leading Causes of Death
- Top causes: Tobacco, poor diet/physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, microbial agents, toxic agents, motor vehicles, firearms, sexual behavior, illicit drug use.
- Tobacco and poor diet/physical inactivity account for 34.7% of deaths.
- Approximately half of deaths in the US are linked to preventable behaviors.
Treatment vs. Prevention
- Treatment involves therapies to cure or manage health conditions.
- Prevention focuses on actions to avoid the onset of health issues.
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Prevention
- Primary prevention aims to prevent disease before it starts.
- Secondary prevention involves early detection after disease onset but before symptoms appear.
- Tertiary prevention seeks to reduce irreparable damage after symptoms have developed.
Ecology of Behavior
- Individual, family/social group, community, cultural/societal, and political/economic/structural factors influence behavior levels.
Individual Factors
- Important individual-level factors include awareness, knowledge, and attitudes.
Social/Cultural Factors
- Influential factors include lifestyles within peer groups, cultural attitudes, and levels of social support.
Socioeconomic/Structural Factors
- Key structural factors impacting health: poverty, education, access to health care and preventive services, and clean water access.
Political Factors
- Relevant factors include health insurance policies and funding for health programs.
TTM (Transtheoretical Model)
- A multi-stage process of behavior change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination/self-efficacy.
PAPM (Precaution Adoption Process Model)
- Stages include being unaware of the issue, unengaged, deciding about action, opting not to act, deciding to act, acting, and maintenance.
Theory
- A theory is an explanatory framework consisting of concepts, definitions, and propositions illustrating the relationships between variables in health behavior.
Behaviorist Psychology
- Emphasizes observable behaviors over thoughts/emotions and includes classical and operant conditioning principles.
Cognitive Psychology
- Focuses on mental processes such as perception, memory, reasoning, and decision-making at the individual level.
Humanistic Psychology
- Highlights individual potential and the desire for growth, emphasizing the hierarchy of needs.
Social Psychology
- Studies interactions between individuals and their groups.
Sociology
- Analyzes society, including social groups, hierarchies, and structures.
Cultural Anthropology
- Investigates culture's impact on human behavior, including knowledge systems, beliefs, and language.
HBM (Health Belief Model)
- A theory predicting health behavior based on perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy.
TRA (Theories of Reasoned Action)
- Examines the relationship between attitudes, intentions, and behaviors, gauged by subjective norms related to the behavior.
TPB (Theories of Planned Behavior)
- Considers perceived behavioral control alongside attitude and intention as influential in behavior performance.
TRA vs. TPB
- TRA includes attitude, intention, and subjective norm; TPB adds perceived behavioral control.
SCT (Social Cognitive Theory)
- Emphasizes learning through observation, self-efficacy, and the interplay between behavior, cognitive factors, and environmental influences.
Cognitive Influences on Behavior
- Focus on personal abilities to process information, apply knowledge, and adjust preferences.
Environmental Influences on Behavior
- Physical and social environmental factors affecting individual behavior.
Social Norms Theory
- Highlights discrepancies between perceived norms and actual norms, particularly in behavior frequency, like drinking among college students.
Community
- Defined by shared space, social interactions, and identity amongst members.
Coalitions
- Groups working within communities to enhance capacity and health outcomes.
DOI (Diffusion of Innovations)
- Explores stages from the introduction of new technologies/behaviors to their community-wide adoption, emphasizing dissemination processes.
Dissemination
- Involves the transfer of knowledge from resource systems to users, requiring effective communication strategies.
Categories of Adopters
- Types include early adopters, early majority adopters, late majority adopters, and laggards, reflecting varying rates of adoption for new behaviors or technologies.
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Description
Test your knowledge of social and behavioral sciences and their impact on public health. This quiz covers definitions, key contributions, and important concepts in the field. Enhance your understanding of how these disciplines contribute to health outcomes.
