SOC SCI 101: Philippine History Module 5

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Questions and Answers

What was the main purpose of the encomienda system established by the Spanish monarch?

To reward Spanish officials for their services (correct)

To facilitate trade between different colonies

To promote agricultural development among natives

To strengthen military presence in the colonies

What term was used to describe the landed class that emerged from the intermarriage of Filipino caciques and Spaniards?

Peninsulares

Indio

Mestizo (correct)

Criollo

Which regions primarily benefited from encomiendas as granted by Legazpi?

Metro Manila and nearby islands

Mindanao and Sulu

Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, and Bulacan (correct)

Northern Luzon and Batanes

What kind of power was eventually vested in the Filipino caciques as the encomienda system evolved?

The prerogative to collect taxes Signup and view all the answers

What significant social change occurred because of the encomienda and the emergence of the caciques?

Formation of a new social class structure Signup and view all the answers

What was a major consequence of the growing power of caciques in the Philippine society?

Increased oppression and agrarian unrest Signup and view all the answers

What administrative units were formed from groups of barangays under Spanish rule?

Pueblos or municipios Signup and view all the answers

What ultimately led to the widespread uprisings in areas with significant agricultural activity during the 19th century?

Economic instability caused by the encomienda system Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant change in land ownership introduced during the Spanish period in the Philippines?

Private ownership of land was introduced Signup and view all the answers

Why were agrarian-related remedies historically ineffective for landless peasants under past regimes?

They often favored powerful landowners Signup and view all the answers

What was the initial policy regarding land during the governorship of Legazpi?

All lands were declared part of public domain Signup and view all the answers

Before Spanish colonization, how was land typically owned in the Philippines?

Community ownership through local barangays Signup and view all the answers

What did the agrarian reform policies fail to achieve for landless peasants?

Improvement of their quality of life Signup and view all the answers

What underlying issue contributed to the failure of land distribution laws during the Spanish era?

Provisions that benefitted powerful landowners Signup and view all the answers

How did the introduction of private land ownership impact communal land practices?

It led to the gradual decline of communal ownership Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is often viewed as a consequence of decisions made in the past regarding land ownership?

Social inequalities among landowners and peasants Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954?

To transition tenants from share tenancy to leasehold Signup and view all the answers

Which administration implemented the Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933 in 1946?

Roxas Administration Signup and view all the answers

What significant action did the Macapagal Administration take regarding agrarian laws?

Passed no new agrarian laws Signup and view all the answers

How did the Marcos Administration address agrarian reform during its first term?

Continued the implementation of the Agricultural Land Reform Code Signup and view all the answers

What was a major limitation of the Agricultural Land Reform Code of 1963?

The retention limit was set at 75 hectares, which was high for the population density Signup and view all the answers

What was a major change implemented by the Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954?

Prohibition against the ejection of tenants without just cause Signup and view all the answers

Which administration did NOT pass any agrarian reform laws?

Garcia Administration Signup and view all the answers

What significant aspect did the Agricultural Land Reform Code of 1963 emphasize for land distribution?

Promoting tenant ownership through easy payment schemes Signup and view all the answers

What were major sources of conflict during the time described?

Agrarian-related issues Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Royal Decree of 1880 and the Maura Law of 1894?

To compel caciques and natives to secure legal title for their lands Signup and view all the answers

What was the objective of the Philippine Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933?

To regulate the tenant-landlord relationship in rice farming Signup and view all the answers

How did Spanish landowners (caciques) typically respond to the Royal Decrees?

They quickly registered their landholdings and claimed adjacent peasant lands. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome for many Filipino peasants as a result of the legal land tenure system?

They became tenants on lands they once owned. Signup and view all the answers

Which administration is associated with the Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954?

Magsaysay administration Signup and view all the answers

What strategy did Spaniards and caciques use to dispossess peasants of land?

Using the mortgage system for financial leverage Signup and view all the answers

What was one potential misconception of the reforms aimed at farmers?

Reforms guarantee instant wealth for all farmers Signup and view all the answers

What estimated number of Filipino peasants were left without land titles?

400,000 Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary aim of the Agricultural Land Reform Code of 1963?

To redistribute land to landless farmers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a likely effect of continuously poor conditions for farmers despite reforms?

Rural migration to urban areas Signup and view all the answers

What legal protection did the Royal Decree of 1894 (Maura Law) lack for Filipino peasants?

Provision for equal land ownership rights Signup and view all the answers

What consequence did the land tenure system have on the Filipino peasant's status?

Loss of autonomy and control over their land Signup and view all the answers

How did historical reforms shape the current situation of farmers?

They set the groundwork for ongoing agricultural challenges Signup and view all the answers

Which reform is linked to land reform efforts during the Macapagal administration?

Agricultural Land Reform Code Signup and view all the answers

What belief about agricultural reforms may need reevaluation to better understand farmers' persistent poverty?

Reforms alone can resolve economic discrepancies Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Learning Outcomes

Analyze social, political, economic, and cultural issues in the Philippines through historical contexts.
Recognize contemporary problems as consequences of past events.
Understand enduring issues in Philippine society as shaped by history.
Propose solutions to current issues using historical insights.

Agrarian Reform in the Philippines

Historical agrarian reforms failed to improve the lives of landless peasants.
Land laws favored powerful landowners, allowing them to evade reform benefits.
Before colonization, land was communally owned by barangays; private ownership emerged with Spanish colonization.

Spanish Period (1521-1898)

Governor Legazpi declared all lands public domain and began privatization.
Encomienda system established, granting land to Spanish officials in return for governance of local populations.
Caciques (landed class) formed through intermarriage with Spaniards, gaining power and prestige.
Caciquism emerged, leading to oppression of common people and contributing to agrarian problems.
Major conflicts arose from harsh Spanish impositions like tributo and polo.

Royal Decrees and Land Tenure

Royal Decrees (decreto realenga, 1880; Maura Law, 1894) required land titling.
Many illiterate peasants failed to secure titles; over 400,000 lost their lands.
Dispossession methods included low-priced land sales and exploitative mortgage systems.

Post-Spanish Reforms

Roxas Administration (1946-1948): Introduced Rice Share Tenancy Act, aimed at equitable land sharing.
Quirino Administration (1948-1953): Continued agrarian policies with limited improvement.
Magsaysay Administration (1953-1957): Enacted Agricultural Tenancy Act and Land Reform Act, allowing fixed leasehold agreements.
Garcia Administration (1957-1961): No significant new agrarian reforms.
Macapagal Administration: Implemented Agricultural Land Reform Code (1963), aimed at redistributing land.
Marcos Administration: Continued earlier reforms but farmers remained impoverished.

Reflection and Learning

Understanding historical agrarian policies aids in devising modern solutions to land issues.
Identified misconceptions regarding the effectiveness of historical reforms.
Gained insight into how historical injustices shape contemporary social structures and conflicts.

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Description

Explore the social, political, economic, and cultural issues in Philippine history through this quiz. Designed for students in SOC SCI 101, this module will deepen your understanding of key historical events and their implications. Test your knowledge and enhance your learning experience with this engaging assessment.