SOC 101 Exam 3 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

Virginia, a case which legally allowed interracial marriage, is an example of?

Amalgamation

What did controversial Senate Bill 1070 propose in 2010?

During a lawful stop, detention, or arrest, Arizona police officers may establish the immigration status of anyone they suspect may be here illegally.

What is an example of white privilege based on the scenario of Alexander and Christopher?

White privilege

How is segregation defined?

The physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements regarding the judgments people make about others is false?

Most of the time the quick judgments that people make are remarkably comprehensive and accurate. Signup and view all the answers

Which sociological perspective believes racism and discrimination have made a positive impact on society for the dominant group?

Functionalism Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements regarding race is true?

Race is a socially constructed category. Signup and view all the answers

Important to the understanding of institutional racism is the concept of _____.

power Signup and view all the answers

According to the social construction of race school of thought, race is?

Not biologically identifiable Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements about gender socialization is false?

Gender socialization causes all members of society to conform to gender expectations of society. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between sex and gender?

Sex refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females, while gender is the extent to which one identifies as being either masculine or feminine. Signup and view all the answers

Why may managing a transgendered identity be stressful?

The expectation of others. Signup and view all the answers

The term for people who deviate from the binary (i.e., either male or female) system of gender is _____.

transgendered Signup and view all the answers

How would a functionalist explain unequal wages between men and women?

Women are socialized into roles that lead them to make choices that might result in lower wages. Signup and view all the answers

Which sociological perspective would be most interested in the announcement made by the American Psychological Association in 1973 regarding homosexuality?

Symbolic Interactionism Signup and view all the answers

A person's sex, as determined by his or her biology, does not always correspond with his or her gender.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is Gender Dysphoria?

A condition of people whose gender at birth is contrary to the one they identify with. Signup and view all the answers

What evidence supports that gender is socially constructed?

The different gender roles found in different countries. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Kinsey Scale?

A six-point rating system that ranges from exclusively heterosexual to exclusively homosexual orientation. Signup and view all the answers

Max Weber analyzed the connections between?

the economic, social, and political dimensions of stratification. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purchasing behavior described as when someone buys a $5,000 designer purse to show off?

Conspicuous consumption Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is not a criticism of the functionalist perspective on social inequality from a conflict perspective?

The belief that economic interests are the primary force shaping social organization is overly simplistic. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Davis-Moore Thesis state?

That the more society values a particular profession, the more the people in that profession will make. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is false about social mobility in the United States today?

In the U.S., anyone who works hard enough can get ahead. Signup and view all the answers

How are upper class and upper-middle class defined sociologically?

Upper class is often defined as having control over one's life and the lives of people around you, while the upper-middle class is often defined as having control only over one's own life. Signup and view all the answers

What is one main issue in studying global social inequality?

Social inequality is relative and therefore difficult to compare across cultures. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of U.S. wealth is held by the wealthiest top 1% of people?

1/3 Signup and view all the answers

What form of promotion is described by Elisa's career success?

A meritocracy Signup and view all the answers

How is wealth distribution in the U.S. influenced by race?

Discriminatory practices in banking and housing have resulted in inequality of wealth, even after several generations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant threat to the relatively high standard of living in the U.S.?

The decline of the middle class Signup and view all the answers

For many people during the recession, it was a time of __________.

Downward mobility Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean if about eighteen percent of Americans have zero or negative wealth?

Their debt exceeds their net worth. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is false regarding social class?

It is not possible for people to change whatever social class they are born into. Signup and view all the answers

What is wealth considered in terms of social class?

A significant predictor of one's class location. Signup and view all the answers

Max Weber called the opportunities that people have in common by virtue of belonging to a particular class _____.

life chances Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the functionalist perspective on social inequality?

The occupations that require the most training and involve the highest risk work are paid the highest. Signup and view all the answers

What do sociologists use to measure social class?

All of these Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Marx's and Weber's views of social class?

Weber disagreed that economic forces are the primary basis for stratification. Signup and view all the answers

What can social class be seen through?

Clothing, automobiles, and personal possessions. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about social mobility in the U.S. is true?

Most people remain in the same social class as their parents. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of theorist considers inequality in the social system as fair?

Functionalism Signup and view all the answers

What social system is Mohit an example of?

A caste system Signup and view all the answers

What determines a person's position in a country's social stratification?

Wealth, power, income, race, education Signup and view all the answers

Social mobility occurring within a generation is called _____ mobility.

intragenerational Signup and view all the answers

A relatively fixed, hierarchical arrangement in society by which groups have different access to resources, power, and perceived social worth is called _____.

social stratification Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion have symbolic interactionists come to?

Most people only socialize with people in their same social class. Signup and view all the answers

What seems to be the key to upward social mobility?

How much education you have. Signup and view all the answers

The position one holds in relation to the economic, political, social and cultural resources in a society is called one's _____.

social class Signup and view all the answers

Cate and Harry are planning a(n)___________ marriage.

Exogamous Signup and view all the answers

What terms does Immanuel Wallerstein use to classify nations?

core nation, peripheral nation, semi-peripheral nation Signup and view all the answers

Colonization ended soon after _____.

World War II Signup and view all the answers

How is global stratification different from social stratification?

Global stratification examines a myriad of different types of prejudice and inequality, while social stratification covers the social class and standing of individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What does the poverty line established by the U.S. government measure?

relative poverty Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of slavery according to Anti-Slavery International?

Factories using child labor Signup and view all the answers

Which continent has the greatest number of impoverished nations?

Africa Signup and view all the answers

What type of economy is characterized by the lowest standard of living?

market-based economy Signup and view all the answers

What is true regarding global stratification?

Global stratification is a hierarchy of countries on the basis of wealth. Signup and view all the answers

Why is Wallerstein's classification preferred by sociologists?

Wallerstein's classification uses neutral terms that allow his classification of nations to be less biased and appear less ethnocentric. Signup and view all the answers

What was the intent of colonialism according to historical context?

Kept underdeveloped so that they would not compete with the home country. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement related to global stratification is true?

The majority of the world's population lives in poor countries. Signup and view all the answers

Which continent has the largest number of people living in poverty in the world?

Asia Signup and view all the answers

What is one practical way to curb the use of sweatshop labor?

We can be responsible consumers and research products before buying them. Signup and view all the answers

In which region does women's employment outside the agricultural sector remain under 20 percent?

South America Signup and view all the answers

What figure does the World Bank use to classify each nation?

Gross National Income per Capita Signup and view all the answers

According to dependency theory, what role do multinational corporations play?

Play an active role in keeping dependent nations poor. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the poorest countries and their governmental structure?

Have a socialist government. Signup and view all the answers

The _____ countries are typically poor and largely agricultural.

peripheral countries Signup and view all the answers

88 million people live on less than $1.00 a day. These people are said to be living in _____________.

Absolute poverty Signup and view all the answers

According to the World Bank, _____ people live in extreme poverty.

1.4 billion Signup and view all the answers

What describes areas experiencing economic decline due to outsourcing?

Deindustrialization Signup and view all the answers

Dependency theory suggests that global inequality originated in which period?

In the 1600s as European countries began to colonize other countries. Signup and view all the answers

What do international data on poverty and hunger indicate?

The current trend is a reduction in the number of malnourished people worldwide. Signup and view all the answers

What is stated by modernization theory?

Economic development is dependent on technological change. Signup and view all the answers

How do U.S. companies justify outsourcing?

Americans want lower prices for their consumable products. Signup and view all the answers

Maria is not reporting her babysitting income to the IRS. She is part of the _____________.

Underground economy Signup and view all the answers

Which social class is quickly disappearing from modern economies?

Middle Class Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is false regarding the status of women globally?

Poverty is usually experienced more by men than by women. Signup and view all the answers

What role do multinational corporations have according to dependency theorists?

Play an active role in keeping dependent nations poor. Signup and view all the answers

According to modernization theory, what causes poverty?

Results from adherence to traditional values and customs. Signup and view all the answers

Angela believes that race relations in America are poor due to laws by the ruling class. Which sociological perspective does her view align with?

Conflict theory Signup and view all the answers

Adolf Hitler blaming Germany's problems on the Jewish population is an example of?

The scapegoat theory Signup and view all the answers

How are stereotypes defined?

Oversimplified statements of belief about members of a particular group. Signup and view all the answers

What is the psychological theory that argues dominant group members vent frustrations on minorities?

Scapegoat theory Signup and view all the answers

What supports the process of racial formation?

Social institutions. Signup and view all the answers

Which example describes racial steering?

Real estate agents directing white clients to look for housing in certain neighborhoods, and non-white clients to others. Signup and view all the answers

The majority of American citizens are descendants of immigrants?

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the historical process of defining a group as a race called?

Racial formation Signup and view all the answers

In the United States, which race is considered the dominant group?

White Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about race is true?

Official recognition of race by the government matters. Signup and view all the answers

What term describes Asad's diverse first-grade class?

Pluralistic Signup and view all the answers

A social category of people who share a common culture is referred to as a(n)?

Ethnic group Signup and view all the answers

Which group is stereotyped as the model minority in the U.S.?

The Asian American community Signup and view all the answers

What is the best example of institutional discrimination?

Airport security procedures that specify people who appear to be Middle Eastern should be scrutinized more closely than others. Signup and view all the answers

Max believes that racial beliefs are based on popular media images. His perspective is?

Symbolic interactionist Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important factor for determining racial categories in society?

The beliefs and interests of the most powerful group(s) in society. Signup and view all the answers

How is discrimination defined?

Prejudiced action against a group of people. Signup and view all the answers

How is assimilation defined?

The process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture. Signup and view all the answers

Arizona Senate Bill 1070 was aimed at whom?

Mexican descent Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of expulsion in racial history?

President Franklin D. Roosevelt's executive order 9066. Signup and view all the answers

What is prejudice?

Usually negative. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Max Weber examined the interconnections among economic, social, and political dimensions of stratification.
Conspicuous consumption refers to purchasing high-priced items to showcase wealth, exemplified by spending $5,000 on a bag.
The Davis-Moore Thesis posits that valuable professions yield higher compensation based on societal value.
Misconceptions about social mobility claim anyone can succeed through hard work, but factors such as class origin often limit upward movement.

Wealth Distribution and Class Dynamics

Upper class individuals hold control over their lives and influence others, unlike the upper-middle class, which lacks such broad power.
Social mobility is influenced by race, as discriminatory banking and housing practices perpetuate wealth inequality.
Approximately one-third of U.S. wealth is concentrated among the top 1%, emphasizing economic disparity.
Many Americans (18%) possess negative wealth where debt surpasses net worth, raising concerns about economic stability.

Global Stratification and Economic Context

Global stratification reveals that affluent nations exploit less powerful ones, primarily through colonial practices established centuries ago.
Dependency theory suggests that exploitation of poor nations benefits wealthy nations, perpetuating a cycle of poverty.
The International data reveals a decline in malnutrition globally, with an estimated 1.4 billion people living in extreme poverty.
The majority of the world's impoverished people reside in Asia and Africa, indicating regional disparities in wealth.

Racial Dynamics and Discrimination

Racial formation is a process shaped by social institutions reflecting societal values.
Institutional discrimination can manifest through policies, such as biased airport security procedures targeting specific ethnic groups.
Historical context highlights that the majority of Americans are descendants of immigrants, contributing to America's diverse tapestry.
White individuals historically dominate social power structures, creating a racial hierarchy where government acknowledgment of race is significant.

Prejudice, Assimilation, and Segregation

Actions stemming from prejudiced beliefs manifest as discrimination against certain groups.
Assimilation involves minority groups adopting the dominant culture's traits, potentially erasing distinct characteristics.
Segregation involves the physical separation of ethnic or racial groups, influencing social dynamics and interactions.
Bill 1070 and executive orders, such as Roosevelt's internment of Japanese Americans, show how policies can institutionalize racial discrimination.

Class Disparities and Economic Mobility

Declining middle class represents a significant threat to the standard of living in the U.S., affecting purchase stability and economic growth.
The emergence of the underground economy reflects informal employment practices often overlooked in official statistics.
Education plays a crucial role in determining upward social mobility, yet most individuals remain in the social class of their parents.

Functionalism and Conflict Theory Perspectives

Functionalist theorists view inequality as balanced by the idea that everyone has an equal opportunity to succeed, seeing meritocracies as just.
Conflict theorists argue against such assumptions, asserting that systemic inequalities impact social class and mobility significantly.
The scapegoat theory illustrates how dominant groups may displace frustrations onto minority populations rather than confronting their true sources.

Historical and Contemporary Impacts

Colonization shifted global dynamics, allowing industrial nations to secure resources without competition from underdeveloped colonies.
Discrimination's historical roots, including slavery and informal exploitation, persist through modern practices like child labor in sweatshops.
Understanding societal inequalities requires examining the historical context and how group beliefs affect classifications of race and social class.### Definition of Key Terms
Power is a crucial concept in social dynamics and influences societal structures and norms.
Race, according to social constructionism, is not biologically identifiable, emphasizing the social context of racial categories.

Gender Socialization

A false statement regarding gender socialization claims it causes all individuals to conform to societal expectations.
Gender socialization shapes how individuals perceive and enact their gender roles within society.

Differences Between Sex and Gender

Sex refers to biological and physiological differences, including reproductive organs and genetic differences.
Gender relates to an individual's identification as masculine, feminine, both, or neither, reflecting social and cultural dimensions.

Transgender Identity

Managing a transgender identity can be stressful due to societal expectations and pressures from others.
Transgendered individuals exist outside the traditional male-female binary system.

Wage Inequality

Functionalist perspective explains unequal wages between men and women by highlighting socialization that steers women toward lower-paying roles and choices.

Sexual Orientation Perspectives

In 1973, the American Psychological Association (APA) declassified homosexuality, a significant shift viewed through the lens of Symbolic Interactionism, which examines the meanings individuals attach to social phenomena.

Biological Sex vs. Gender Identity

True statement: A person’s biological sex may not align with their gender identity, recognizing the complexity of gender experiences.

Gender Dysphoria

Gender Dysphoria describes individuals whose identified gender differs from their gender assigned at birth, involving significant emotional distress.

Evidence supporting the social construction of gender includes the existence of diverse gender roles and expectations across various cultures.

Kinsey Scale

The Kinsey Scale is a six-point system measuring sexual orientation, ranging from exclusive heterosexuality to exclusive homosexuality, promoting understanding of sexual diversity.

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering key concepts from SOC 101 Exam 3. Focus on important theories and examples, including Max Weber's analysis of stratification and consumer behavior. Perfect for exam preparation and reinforcing your understanding of sociology.