81 Questions
What is the estimated incidence of postpartum depression among women?
10 to 20%
According to the DSM-5, how long after delivery does postpartum depression typically begin?
About four weeks
What are some risk factors for developing postpartum depression?
Depression during pregnancy, single or living alone, and marital dissatisfaction
Who is also at risk of experiencing postpartum depression, according to the text?
Male partners of women with postpartum depression
What is the recommendation for monitoring the infant if a lactating mother is taking medications that can cause side effects in the infant?
Monitoring the infant for changes in sleep patterns, feeding patterns, and behavior patterns
What are the alternate medications recommended for lactating mothers?
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
What are the dosing ranges for venlafaxine and duloxetine in lactating mothers?
Venlafaxine: 75-300 mg, Duloxetine: 40-60 mg
Which type of contraceptive method can lactating women use to prevent pregnancy without affecting milk production?
Progesterone contraceptive methods including IUDs and implants
What is the purpose of lactation amenorrhea for breastfeeding women?
To space out children
What are some benefits of breastfeeding to infants according to the text?
Reduces all-cause mortality during the first month of life
What is a potential concern for lactating women who use oral combination contraceptive pills?
Reduced milk production
Which medication comes in extended release tablets?
Venlafaxine
What is a disadvantage of breastfeeding for the mother?
Time-consuming nature
What is a disadvantage of breastfeeding for the baby?
Frequent night waking
What is a social disadvantage of breastfeeding?
Limited support and resources
Which one of the following is an absolute contraindication to breastfeeding?
Maternal alcohol and substance abuse
Which hormone promotes appetite reduction during pregnancy and regulates breast milk production?
Prolactin
What is the yellow fluid rich in immunoglobulins, vitamin E, and leukocytes that is secreted within the first five days after birth?
Colostrum
Lactogenesis difficulties refer to:
Insufficient milk production required to support a baby's development
Oxytocin causes smooth muscle contractions in the uterus during labor and postpartum. It also triggers:
Letdown reflex for milk release
Prolactin fosters maternal adaptation and promotes:
Skin-to-skin contact
Maternal antimetabolites, chemotherapy, radioactive therapy, and contraindicated medications are examples of:
Absolute contraindications to breastfeeding
What is the thick, sticky yellow fluid rich in immunoglobulins, vitamin E, and leukocytes provided by the mother?
Colostrum
With herpes lesions, what can the mother provide if the breast pump equipment does not come in direct contact with the herpetic lesion?
Expressed milk
What is the recommended daily intake of iron during pregnancy?
27 mg
Why is it recommended to avoid heating breast milk on a stove or in a microwave?
It destroys the nutrients in the milk
What is the recommended storage duration for breast milk in a self-defrosting freezer?
3-4 months
How long can breast milk stay in a refrigerator before it needs to be thrown out?
4 days
What is the impact of alcohol consumption on breastfeeding infants?
It decreases their intake of breast milk
What is the recommended daily intake of choline during pregnancy?
450 mg
Why is it important to use short-acting formula over long-acting formulas for breastfeeding mothers?
It minimizes the risk of altering lactation
What is the impact of smoking on prolactin levels and milk volume in breastfeeding mothers?
It reduces prolactin levels and milk volume
What resource can be used to evaluate medication decisions for breastfeeding mothers?
Both LactMed and current scientific evidence
How long does it take for breast milk to return to zero alcohol level after consuming one standard drink?
~175 minutes
What is the recommended intake of folic acid during pregnancy?
600 micrograms per day
What is a common symptom of postpartum depression?
Hypersomnia
Why is ruling out hypothyroidism important in diagnosing postpartum depression?
Because hypothyroidism and depression have very similar symptoms
Why should breast milk not be refrozen once thawed?
It leads to loss of nutrients
What is the first-line pharmacologic management for postpartum depression?
Citalopram
Why should postpartum women with mild depression avoid alcohol?
Alcohol is a depressant and can exacerbate symptoms
What activity is recommended for postpartum women with mild depression to help them connect with others facing similar issues?
Support groups and group activities
Which diagnostic study should be performed to check for anemia in postpartum women suspected of depression?
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
What is the key difference between postpartum blues and postpartum depression?
Postpartum blues are short term with mild symptoms
What is a differential diagnosis for postpartum depression?
Panic disorder
What is the first-line treatment for moderate to severe postpartum depression?
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Why should pregnant and postpartum women be screened for postpartum depression at every postpartum visit?
To reduce the incidence of postpartum depression up to 59%
What is the main reason for recommending increased fluid intake for women with postpartum depression?
To promote breastfeeding and bonding with the baby
What is a potential adverse effect of citalopram at doses over 40 mg?
QT prolongation
What is one potential cause of engorgement?
Skipping feedings
What is a common symptom of engorgement?
Hard and warm breasts
What can increase the risk of engorgement?
Ineffective infant suckling during breastfeeding
What is a potential consequence of engorgement?
Premature weaning
What is recommended to manage engorgement?
Avoid long periods without nursing or expressing
What can cause inadequate letdown reflex?
Inadequate relaxation
What is not a symptom of inadequate letdown reflex?
Fever
What is recommended for managing inadequate letdown reflex?
Massage the breasts before nursing
What is a potential cause of breastfeeding jaundice?
Inadequate or ineffective feedings at the breast
What is a common symptom of breastfeeding jaundice?
Yellow skin tone
What is recommended for managing breastfeeding jaundice?
Avoid supplementation with formula if not medically indicated
What is a common cause of poor milk ejection?
Stress and inadequate nutrition
What is recommended for breast care during breastfeeding?
Using warm water for washing
What can be used to moisturize dry nipples during breastfeeding?
Lanolin or expressed breast milk
What should be done if symptoms of a plugged duct don't improve within 24 hours?
Contact a healthcare provider
Why should maternal nutrition be maintained during lactation?
To reduce the risk of chronic disease in adulthood
How can nutrient deficiencies during lactation affect the infant?
By affecting the quality of the breast milk
What should be considered for additional supplementation in breastfeeding mothers with dietary restrictions?
Vitamin B deficiencies in vegans or vegetarians
How many kilocalories per day do most women need during lactation?
$1900 to 2500$ kilocalories per day
When should women consider restricting calories to lose baby weight during breastfeeding?
After at least two months into breastfeeding or postpartum
How much fluid should women aim to drink daily during lactation?
$8$ cups of fluid daily
What is a common cause of mastitis in lactating women?
Improperly fitting bra
How does mastitis typically appear on assessment?
Lump in one or more of the breasts, breast tenderness, and fever
What is the recommended management for mastitis in lactating women?
Empty the breasts frequently, continue breastfeeding, and get increased rest and fluids
What can cause candidiasis in breastfeeding mothers?
Frequent changing of wet breast pads
What is a typical symptom of candidiasis in breastfeeding mothers?
Persistent or severe pain in the nipples and areola
How should candidiasis be managed in breastfeeding mothers?
Treat the infant and mother while continuing breastfeeding for the mother
What is a first-line pharmacologic management for mastitis?
Dicloxacillin
Why should breast milk not be frozen during candidiasis treatment?
Freezing may deactivate the yeast but won't kill it
What is a potential cause of breastfeeding jaundice?
Inadequate breast milk intake by the infant
What is recommended if a resistant case of Candida occurs in a breastfeeding mother?
Treat with oral fluconazole under medical supervision while continuing breastfeeding
Why should mothers continue breastfeeding during mastitis treatment?
It assists in emptying the breasts frequently which aids in recovery from mastitis
How can mastitis be distinguished from another source if a mother experiences fever and chills?
By confirming that fever is coming from mastitis and not another source
This quiz discusses the harmful effects of smoking and secondhand smoke on breastfeeding and infant health. It covers how smoking can increase the risk of sudden infant death syndrome, respiratory infections, cardiac rhythm disorders, leukemia, obesity, allergies, and colic in infants.
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