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Questions and Answers
What is the smallest infectious particle between 18-600 nm?
What is the smallest infectious particle between 18-600 nm?
- Bacteria
- Viruses (correct)
- Fungi
- Prions
What is an infectious protein with no DNA or RNA?
What is an infectious protein with no DNA or RNA?
- Bacteriophage
- Virus
- Prion (correct)
- Viroid
What type of bacteria has no nuclear membrane and no membrane-bound organelles?
What type of bacteria has no nuclear membrane and no membrane-bound organelles?
- Eukaryotic bacteria
- Prokaryotic bacteria (correct)
- Protobacteria
- Yeast (correct)
What type of fungi is unicellular?
What type of fungi is unicellular?
What type of fungi is multicellular?
What type of fungi is multicellular?
What is the most complex group of microbes?
What is the most complex group of microbes?
Which of the following is not an indication of an infection?
Which of the following is not an indication of an infection?
What is example of a pathogen/ infectious agent that causes single disease?
What is example of a pathogen/ infectious agent that causes single disease?
What is an example of a pathogen/ infectious agent that leads to several manifestations of a disease?
What is an example of a pathogen/ infectious agent that leads to several manifestations of a disease?
What is an example of a pathogen/infectious agent in which the same disease can be caused by different microbes?
What is an example of a pathogen/infectious agent in which the same disease can be caused by different microbes?
What is an exogenous infection?
What is an exogenous infection?
What is an endogenous infection?
What is an endogenous infection?
Match each word to its definition
Match each word to its definition
What percentage of the core microbiome is shared?
What percentage of the core microbiome is shared?
What is a characteristic of the secondary microbiome?
What is a characteristic of the secondary microbiome?
What is functional redundancy as it pertains to the microbiome?
What is functional redundancy as it pertains to the microbiome?
In which body system are opportunistic microbes not found?
In which body system are opportunistic microbes not found?
Which body system has the greatest microbiome diversity?
Which body system has the greatest microbiome diversity?
What is decreased biodiversity in the genitourinary tract an indication of?
What is decreased biodiversity in the genitourinary tract an indication of?
What does an increase in microbiome diversity indicate in the genitourinary tract?
What does an increase in microbiome diversity indicate in the genitourinary tract?
What is not an example of microbes that can be found in the mouth?
What is not an example of microbes that can be found in the mouth?
What is an example of a bacterial phyla that can cause common infections following a human bite wound?
What is an example of a bacterial phyla that can cause common infections following a human bite wound?
What pathogen can cause yeast infections in female vaginal tissue?
What pathogen can cause yeast infections in female vaginal tissue?
Match each opportunistic pathogen to its characteristics
Match each opportunistic pathogen to its characteristics
Which of the following opportunistic pathogens has these characteristics: - Endogenous microbe colonizes gastrointestinal tract – spreads to other tissues if antibiotics are used; - Gram positive short chains similar to Streptococcus pneumoniae – able to survive on environmental surfaces for prolonged periods; - Cell wall with group D glycerol teichoic acid; - Can form biofilms and is antibiotic resistant (cephalosporins); - Most infections are endogenous, some patient to patient spread?
Which of the following opportunistic pathogens has these characteristics: - Endogenous microbe colonizes gastrointestinal tract – spreads to other tissues if antibiotics are used; - Gram positive short chains similar to Streptococcus pneumoniae – able to survive on environmental surfaces for prolonged periods; - Cell wall with group D glycerol teichoic acid; - Can form biofilms and is antibiotic resistant (cephalosporins); - Most infections are endogenous, some patient to patient spread?
Which of the opportunistic pathogens below has the following characteristics? - Endogenous microbe in the nasopharynx or oropharynx, causes infection when spread to distal sites such as lungs, sinuses, ears, blood, and meninges; person-to-person spread is rare. - Ability to colonize the oropharynx and spread into normally sterile tissues; produces pneumolysin and IgA protease and has a capsule to evade phagocytosis. - Cell wall contains phosphorylcholine (C polysaccharide).
Which of the opportunistic pathogens below has the following characteristics? - Endogenous microbe in the nasopharynx or oropharynx, causes infection when spread to distal sites such as lungs, sinuses, ears, blood, and meninges; person-to-person spread is rare. - Ability to colonize the oropharynx and spread into normally sterile tissues; produces pneumolysin and IgA protease and has a capsule to evade phagocytosis. - Cell wall contains phosphorylcholine (C polysaccharide).
Which of the following opportunistic pathogens has the specified morphology: small gram-negative rods arranged in pairs?
Which of the following opportunistic pathogens has the specified morphology: small gram-negative rods arranged in pairs?
Which of the following opportunistic pathogens consists of gram-negative rods?
Which of the following opportunistic pathogens consists of gram-negative rods?
Which of the following opportunistic pathogens is comprised of gram positive cocci arranged in clusters?
Which of the following opportunistic pathogens is comprised of gram positive cocci arranged in clusters?
Which of the following opportunistic pathogens is comprised of elongated gram-positive cocci in pairs (diplococcus) and short chains?
Which of the following opportunistic pathogens is comprised of elongated gram-positive cocci in pairs (diplococcus) and short chains?
Which of the following opportunistic pathogens is comprised of gram-positive short chains similar to Streptococcus pneumoniae that are able to survive on environmental surfaces for prolonged periods of time?
Which of the following opportunistic pathogens is comprised of gram-positive short chains similar to Streptococcus pneumoniae that are able to survive on environmental surfaces for prolonged periods of time?
Which of the following opportunistic pathogens grows on most media and has a grape-like odor and beta hemolysis?
Which of the following opportunistic pathogens grows on most media and has a grape-like odor and beta hemolysis?
Which of the following opportunistic pathogens fits this description:
- Causes community or hospital acquired pneumonia
- Necrotic destruction of alveolar spaces
- Formation of cavities in the lungs
- Production of blood-tinged sputum
- Also causes wound, soft tissue infections, and UTIs?
Which of the following opportunistic pathogens fits this description:
- Causes community or hospital acquired pneumonia
- Necrotic destruction of alveolar spaces
- Formation of cavities in the lungs
- Production of blood-tinged sputum
- Also causes wound, soft tissue infections, and UTIs?
Which of the following opportunistic pathogens is associated with the following risk factors: Presence of foreign material such as a splinter or catheter, previous surgery, and use of antibiotics that suppress normal flora?
Which of the following opportunistic pathogens is associated with the following risk factors: Presence of foreign material such as a splinter or catheter, previous surgery, and use of antibiotics that suppress normal flora?
Which opportunistic pathogen poses an infectious risk to the following patients:
- Scalded skin syndrome – infants
- Impetigo or cutaneous infections – children with poor personal hygiene
- Toxic shock syndrome – menstruating women
- Bacteremia and endocarditis – intravascular catheters
- Meningitis – patients with shunts
- Pneumonia – patients with underlying compromised pulmonary function or respiratory virus infection?
Which opportunistic pathogen poses an infectious risk to the following patients:
- Scalded skin syndrome – infants
- Impetigo or cutaneous infections – children with poor personal hygiene
- Toxic shock syndrome – menstruating women
- Bacteremia and endocarditis – intravascular catheters
- Meningitis – patients with shunts
- Pneumonia – patients with underlying compromised pulmonary function or respiratory virus infection?
What patients are NOT at risk of a coagulase negative staphylococcus infection?
What patients are NOT at risk of a coagulase negative staphylococcus infection?
Which opportunistic pathogen poses risks to the following patient groups: young children with high levels of colonization, individuals with underlying respiratory conditions, children and the elderly at risk for meningitis, and those with hematologic disorders or asplenia at risk for fulminant sepsis?
Which opportunistic pathogen poses risks to the following patient groups: young children with high levels of colonization, individuals with underlying respiratory conditions, children and the elderly at risk for meningitis, and those with hematologic disorders or asplenia at risk for fulminant sepsis?
Which infectious pathogen is a risk to the following patient population: - Patients hospitalized for prolonged periods - Patients on broad spectrum antibiotics (cephalosporins)?
Which infectious pathogen is a risk to the following patient population: - Patients hospitalized for prolonged periods - Patients on broad spectrum antibiotics (cephalosporins)?
Which opportunistic pathogen has the following characteristics:
- Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
- Toxin A: an enterotoxin that attracts neutrophils
- Toxin B: a cytotoxin that increases permeability of the intestine wall and causes diarrhea
- Colonizes the intestine of some healthy individuals (approximately 5%) and can lead to endogenous infection when on antibiotics?
Which opportunistic pathogen has the following characteristics:
- Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
- Toxin A: an enterotoxin that attracts neutrophils
- Toxin B: a cytotoxin that increases permeability of the intestine wall and causes diarrhea
- Colonizes the intestine of some healthy individuals (approximately 5%) and can lead to endogenous infection when on antibiotics?
Which of the following opportunistic pathogens fits the description: Gram negative facultative anaerobic bacillus?
Which of the following opportunistic pathogens fits the description: Gram negative facultative anaerobic bacillus?
Which of the following opportunistic pathogens fits this description: Yeast outside the body, yeast with pseudohyphae inside the body to true hyphae; Endogenous – colonizes skin, mucosal tissue; Exogenous – transmission in hospitals especially to immunocompromised, leading to invasive infection?
Which of the following opportunistic pathogens fits this description: Yeast outside the body, yeast with pseudohyphae inside the body to true hyphae; Endogenous – colonizes skin, mucosal tissue; Exogenous – transmission in hospitals especially to immunocompromised, leading to invasive infection?
Which opportunistic pathogen are the following patients most at risk for?
- cystic fibrosis
- cancer
- AIDS
- indwelling medical devices
- burn
- eye injuries
- non-healing diabetic wound
Which opportunistic pathogen are the following patients most at risk for?
- cystic fibrosis
- cancer
- AIDS
- indwelling medical devices
- burn
- eye injuries
- non-healing diabetic wound
Which opportunistic pathogen can cause the following diseases: toxin-mediated (food poisoning), toxic shock syndrome, scalded skin syndrome, pyogenic diseases such as impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles, carbuncles, and other systemic diseases?
Which opportunistic pathogen can cause the following diseases: toxin-mediated (food poisoning), toxic shock syndrome, scalded skin syndrome, pyogenic diseases such as impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles, carbuncles, and other systemic diseases?
Which of the following is not a way to diagnose Staphylococcus aureus?
Which of the following is not a way to diagnose Staphylococcus aureus?
Which opportunistic pathogen can cause the following diseases: Subacute endocarditis, infections of foreign bodies such as catheter area, and UTI?
Which opportunistic pathogen can cause the following diseases: Subacute endocarditis, infections of foreign bodies such as catheter area, and UTI?
Which opportunistic pathogen can cause the following diseases: Pneumonia, sinusitis and otitis media, meningitis, and bacteremia?
Which opportunistic pathogen can cause the following diseases: Pneumonia, sinusitis and otitis media, meningitis, and bacteremia?
Which opportunistic pathogen can cause the following diseases: UTI, peritonitis (polymicrobial), wound infections, bacteremia with or without endocarditis?
Which opportunistic pathogen can cause the following diseases: UTI, peritonitis (polymicrobial), wound infections, bacteremia with or without endocarditis?
Which opportunistic pathogen can cause the following diseases:
-Antibiotic associated diarrhea – 5 to 10 days following antibiotic initiation
-Pseudomembranous colitis – severe with profuse diarrhea, abdominal cramping and fever – white plaques can form over colon tissue (pseudomembrane)?
Which opportunistic pathogen can cause the following diseases:
-Antibiotic associated diarrhea – 5 to 10 days following antibiotic initiation -Pseudomembranous colitis – severe with profuse diarrhea, abdominal cramping and fever – white plaques can form over colon tissue (pseudomembrane)?
Which of the following opportunistic pathogens is unaffected when treated with cephalexin and dicloxacillin and must be treated with penicillin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol?
Which of the following opportunistic pathogens is unaffected when treated with cephalexin and dicloxacillin and must be treated with penicillin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol?
Which opportunistic pathogen can cause severe invasive disease in humans, specifically associated with pericarditis?
Which opportunistic pathogen can cause severe invasive disease in humans, specifically associated with pericarditis?
Which opportunistic pathogen can cause the following diseases: Endocarditis, Pneumonia, CNS wounds, UTI?
Which opportunistic pathogen can cause the following diseases: Endocarditis, Pneumonia, CNS wounds, UTI?
Which opportunistic pathogen has the following characteristics?
• Produces a slime layer that enables adhesion to foreign bodies such as catheters and grafts.
• The slime layer offers protection from phagocytosis.
Which opportunistic pathogen has the following characteristics? • Produces a slime layer that enables adhesion to foreign bodies such as catheters and grafts. • The slime layer offers protection from phagocytosis.
Which of the following opportunistic pathogens is both coagulase negative and mannitol salt negative?
Which of the following opportunistic pathogens is both coagulase negative and mannitol salt negative?
Which opportunistic pathogen fits this description: catalase negative, susceptible to optochin, and soluble in bile?
Which opportunistic pathogen fits this description: catalase negative, susceptible to optochin, and soluble in bile?
Which opportunistic pathogen fits this description: Catalase negative, resistant to bile and optochin, L-pyrrolidonyl arylamidase positive?
Which opportunistic pathogen fits this description: Catalase negative, resistant to bile and optochin, L-pyrrolidonyl arylamidase positive?
Which of the following opportunistic pathogens is NOT gram-positive?
Which of the following opportunistic pathogens is NOT gram-positive?
What can celiac disease lead to in the microbiome?
What can celiac disease lead to in the microbiome?
Gram negative bacteria have LPS = endotoxin
Gram negative bacteria have LPS = endotoxin
Match each word to its definition
Match each word to its definition
Match each word to its definition
Match each word to its definition
Which opportunistic pathogen can form endospores?
Which opportunistic pathogen can form endospores?
What is a fomite?
What is a fomite?
Match each word to its definition
Match each word to its definition
Match each item to its sterilization protocol level
Match each item to its sterilization protocol level
Match each word to its definition
Match each word to its definition
What is an example of a natural disinfectant?
What is an example of a natural disinfectant?
Which bacterial species is used to ensure autoclaves work?
Which bacterial species is used to ensure autoclaves work?
What is not a physical agent for disinfection?
What is not a physical agent for disinfection?
What has replaced Crede's method of instilling silver nitrate drops for neonate gonococcal conjunctivitis
What has replaced Crede's method of instilling silver nitrate drops for neonate gonococcal conjunctivitis
Which chemical agent is commonly used to prevent infections in burns?
Which chemical agent is commonly used to prevent infections in burns?
Match each characteristic to its appropriate category
Match each characteristic to its appropriate category
Which medication blocks the D-alanine D-alanine structure?
Which medication blocks the D-alanine D-alanine structure?
Which medication interferes with the final dephosphorylation step, affects peptide transfer to the growing cell wall, and prevents the recycling of phosphobactprenol?
Which medication interferes with the final dephosphorylation step, affects peptide transfer to the growing cell wall, and prevents the recycling of phosphobactprenol?
What protein is the target of penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics?
What protein is the target of penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics?
Which Toll-like receptor (TLR) is the target for teichoic acid?
Which Toll-like receptor (TLR) is the target for teichoic acid?
Is peptidoglycan found in gram positive or gram negative?
Is peptidoglycan found in gram positive or gram negative?
Is teichoic acid found in gram positive or gram negative?
Is teichoic acid found in gram positive or gram negative?
Is LPS found in gram negative or gram positive
Is LPS found in gram negative or gram positive
Which Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) does Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activate?
Which Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) does Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activate?
Are secretion systems in gram negative or gram positive
Are secretion systems in gram negative or gram positive
Match each secretion system type to its description
Match each secretion system type to its description
Which secretion system type in gram-negative bacteria mediates cell-to-cell fusion and biofilm generation?
Which secretion system type in gram-negative bacteria mediates cell-to-cell fusion and biofilm generation?
Which secretion system type in gram-negative bacteria releases effector molecules targeting eukaryotic cells or other bacteria?
Which secretion system type in gram-negative bacteria releases effector molecules targeting eukaryotic cells or other bacteria?
What color do acid-fast bacteria appear after being stained?
What color do acid-fast bacteria appear after being stained?
Which of these is not an example of an adherence virulence factor?
Which of these is not an example of an adherence virulence factor?
Which virulence factor is described as a loose polysaccharide or protein layer that is hard to phagocytose?
Which virulence factor is described as a loose polysaccharide or protein layer that is hard to phagocytose?
Which pathogen has a polypeptide capsule instead of a polysaccharide capsule?
Which pathogen has a polypeptide capsule instead of a polysaccharide capsule?
Which virulence factor is an acid that makes it hard to phagocytose?
Which virulence factor is an acid that makes it hard to phagocytose?
Which enzyme is a virulence factor that neutralizes hydrogen peroxide?
Which enzyme is a virulence factor that neutralizes hydrogen peroxide?
Which enzyme is a virulence factor that converts fibrinogen to fibrin?
Which enzyme is a virulence factor that converts fibrinogen to fibrin?
Which enzyme is a virulence factor important for cell membrane integrity?
Which enzyme is a virulence factor important for cell membrane integrity?
Which enzyme is a virulence factor that lyses red blood cells (RBC)?
Which enzyme is a virulence factor that lyses red blood cells (RBC)?
In which stage of the growth cycle are bacteria most susceptible to antibiotics?
In which stage of the growth cycle are bacteria most susceptible to antibiotics?
What is quorum sensing?
What is quorum sensing?
What is a bacteria that exhibits quorum sensing?
What is a bacteria that exhibits quorum sensing?
What is an example of an obligate aerobe bacteria?
What is an example of an obligate aerobe bacteria?
What is an example of an obligate anaerobe bacteria?
What is an example of an obligate anaerobe bacteria?
What is a siderophore?
What is a siderophore?
Which of the following organisms produce enterobactin as a siderophore?
Which of the following organisms produce enterobactin as a siderophore?
Endospore formers be gram negative
Endospore formers be gram negative
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Study Notes
Infectious Particles and Agents
- Smallest infectious particles range from 18-600 nm, known as viruses.
- Prions are infectious proteins that lack DNA or RNA.
- Prokaryotic bacteria lack a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles.
Types of Fungi
- Yeasts are unicellular fungi.
- Molds and mushrooms are examples of multicellular fungi.
Microbial Complexity and Infections
- Viruses are considered the most complex group of microbes.
- Different pathogens can be responsible for a single disease, while some pathogens may cause multiple disease manifestations.
- An example of a pathogen causing different manifestations is Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Infection Definitions
- An exogenous infection originates outside the body.
- An endogenous infection develops from the body’s own microbiota.
Microbiome Insights
- Approximately 10-20% of the core microbiome is shared across individuals.
- The secondary microbiome exhibits greater variability due to environmental influences.
- Functional redundancy in the microbiome means that different species can compensate for each other's functions.
Body Systems and Microbiota
- The central nervous system generally does not harbor opportunistic microbes.
- The gastrointestinal system displays the highest microbiomic diversity.
- Decreased biodiversity in the genitourinary tract is often a sign of increased infection risk.
Opportunistic Pathogens
- Various opportunistic pathogens are distinguished by specific characteristics related to their infections.
- Examples include:
- Staphylococcus aureus linked to skin infections and pneumonia.
- Clostridium difficile associated with antibiotic-associated diarrhea.
Pathogen Risk Factors
- Certain groups are particularly susceptible to infections from specific opportunistic pathogens, such as S. pneumoniae in children or S. aureus in individuals with skin conditions.
- Risk factors for infections often include the presence of foreign materials, recent surgeries, or antibiotic use.
Diagnostic Challenges
- Not all diagnostic methods effectively identify each pathogen; for example, some pathogens are resistant to standard antibiotics.
Virulence Factors and Mechanisms
- Bacterial virulence factors include toxin production, capsule protection, and specific enzymes that aid in adherence or tissue invasion.
- Quorum sensing allows bacteria to communicate and coordinate activities based on population density.
Antibiotics and Bacterial Growth
- Bacteria are most vulnerable to antibiotics during their logarithmic growth phase.
- Endospore formation serves as a survival strategy for some bacterial species, allowing them to endure harsh conditions.
Siderophores and Iron Acquisition
- Siderophores are molecules that bind and transport iron in bacterial environments, aiding in nutrient acquisition.
- Enterobactin is a specific siderophore produced by various enterobacteria.
Other Key Definitions
- A fomite is any inanimate object that can carry infectious agents.
- Peptidoglycan is primarily found in gram-positive bacteria; gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
- Antibiotic-associated diarrhea can occur after antibiotic treatment, highlighting disrupted gut flora balance.
Clinical Relevance
- Understanding the characteristics and behavior of various pathogens and their interactions with hosts is crucial for effective diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infections.
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