Small Groups Groupthink Phenomenon
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of role negotiations in groups?

  • To appoint roles to members based on their preferences
  • To accommodate only to the wishes of marginal members
  • To persuade marginal members to leave the group
  • To increase the rewardingness of the relationship between the group and its members (correct)

    • What typically happens in the 'Performing' stage of Tuckman's model of group development?

  • Group members agree on goals and establish norms for interaction (correct)
  • Group members compete for different roles causing conflicts
  • Group members feel insecure and interactions are inhibited
  • Group members try to persuade marginal members to stay

    • What is a key characteristic of the 'Storming' stage in Tuckman's model of group development?

  • Efforts towards achieving the group's task
  • Competition for different roles leading to conflicts (correct)
  • Polite and inhibited interactions among group members
  • Establishment of group goals and norms

    • What is a possible outcome of the period of re-socialization in groups?

    <p>Accommodation to the wishes of marginal members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the 'Forming' stage in Tuckman's model of group development?

    <p>Polite and inhibited interactions among group members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does every group face challenges over time according to the text?

    <p>Groups may develop similarly over time due to common challenges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Remembrance' involves which activity between an ex-member and the group?

    <p>Retrospectively evaluating each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essence of groupthink?

    <p>Excessive concurrence-seeking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Lewin, when do people form a group?

    <p>When they experience similar outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does face-to-face interaction play in group cohesion according to Bales?

    <p>Crucial importance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is social structure essential in a group according to Sherif?

    <p>To avoid becoming a loose collection of individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of shared identity on group existence according to Tajfel?

    <p>Essential for group formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of groupthink?

    <p>Encouraging diverse viewpoints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do group members in a state of groupthink might not realize the inadequacy or danger of their course of action?

    <p>Due to excessive concurrence-seeking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of socio-emotional behavior in a group according to Bales’ interaction process analysis?

    <p>To restore group harmony</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of group development should be characterized by positive socio-emotional behavior?

    <p>Forming stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is normative social influence based on?

    <p>Expectations of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of social influence occurs when people conform because they accept information obtained from others as evidence about reality?

    <p>Informational social influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of group development should there be both positive socio-emotional behavior and task-related behavior according to Bales’ interaction process analysis?

    <p>Norming stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a larger subgroup produces conformity in a smaller subgroup?

    <p>Majority influence is exerted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Task-related behavior is necessary for task completion but can lead to conflicts when people disagree.' Which type of behavior does this statement refer to?

    <p>'Task-related' behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which job design characteristic did not show a positive relationship with most criteria according to the text?

    <p>Task identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason suggested in the text for the motivational value of group work?

    <p>Enhancing the motivational quality of members’ jobs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a job design characteristic mentioned in the text?

    <p>Managerial support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic may enhance the motivational quality of members’ jobs according to the text?

    <p>Task interdependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was useful in predicting effectiveness for work groups?

    <p>Task interdependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was suggested to be enhanced by self-managed groups?

    <p>The motivational quality of members’ jobs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic that may come in part because of the motivational value of group work?

    <p>Social support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested to be positively related to most criteria according to the text?

    <p>Task variety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Bales' interaction process analysis distinguish between?

    <p>Task behaviors and socio-emotional behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of group development should more negative socio-emotional behavior occur according to the text?

    <p>Storming stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of socio-emotional behavior in a group, based on Bales’ interaction process analysis?

    <p>To restore group harmony</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of social influence occurs when people conform to the expectations of others?

    <p>Normative social influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a group, why do members conform to others according to informational social influence?

    <p>Because they accept information as evidence about reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does normative social influence lead individuals to conform to?

    <p>Expectations of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Bales’ interaction process analysis, which stage of group development should be characterized by both positive socio-emotional behavior and task-related behavior?

    <p>'Norming' stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of role negotiations within a group?

    <p>Achieving the group's goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of group development do issues of leadership and influence become prominent according to Tuckman's model?

    <p>Storming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of re-socialization in a group?

    <p>To accommodate to marginal members' wishes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do group members in the 'Forming' stage exhibit polite and inhibited interactions?

    <p>Feeling insecure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of group development are group members primarily focused on achieving the group's task?

    <p>Performing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the period of re-socialization in a group following divergence?

    <p>Attempts to persuade marginal members not to leave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Tuckman's model, what is the key focus of the 'Norming' stage of group development?

    <p>Agreeing on the group's goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which job design characteristic was not found to have a positive relationship with most criteria in work groups according to the text?

    <p>Task identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was suggested to be a key factor in predicting the effectiveness of work groups based on the text?

    <p>Job composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of group work is implied to enhance the motivational quality of members' jobs according to the text?

    <p>Task interdependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was suggested by the findings mentioned in the text about the validity of job design models at the group level?

    <p>They may also be valid at the group level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of behavior is likely to be enhanced in members' jobs when working in self-managed groups based on the text?

    <p>Interdependent feedback and rewards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was found to be positively related to most criteria for work groups, except for task identity, according to the text?

    <p>Goal interdependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element of job design characteristics showed a positive relationship with most criteria for work groups?

    <p>Task variety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes minority influence from majority influence according to Moscovici?

    <p>Minority influence leads to public compliance while majority influence yields private acceptance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the persuasive arguments theory explain an individual's position on an issue?

    <p>It is a function of the number and persuasiveness of pro and con arguments available.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does minority influence differ from majority influence in terms of public vs. private acceptance?

    <p>Minority influence results in private acceptance while majority influence leads to public compliance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do minorities stimulate individuals to consider their arguments carefully?

    <p>By being less threatening compared to majorities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does majority influence differ from minority influence in terms of power?

    <p>Majorities are generally more powerful on direct measures of influence both publicly and privately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key characteristic of minority influence according to the text?

    <p>Consistent minority arguments stimulate others to scrutinize their own beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does minority influence differ from majority influence in terms of threateningness?

    <p>Minorities are less threatening than majorities, leading to a different type of acceptance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of surveys mentioned in the text?

    <p>They rely on subjective data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of group socialization involves group members learning the norms and unwritten rules of the group?

    <p>Socialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is establishing causality difficult in surveys and correlational designs according to the text?

    <p>Subjective nature of data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes experiments from surveys and correlational designs based on the text?

    <p>Controlled situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of group membership involves groups looking for prospective members who can contribute to group goals?

    <p>Investigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it challenging to establish causality in surveys and correlational designs according to the text?

    <p>Subjective nature of data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Levine and Morland’s model, what is the key activity during the 'Socialization' stage of group membership?

    <p>Learning group norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes normative social influence from informational social influence?

    <p>Normative social influence is based on conforming to the expectations of others, while informational social influence is based on accepting information obtained from others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does socio-emotional behavior play in the performing stage of group development according to Bales’ interaction process analysis?

    <p>It should be dominated by task-related behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does majority influence differ from minority influence in Bales’ interaction process analysis?

    <p>Majority influence promotes conformity, while minority influence stimulates individuals to consider arguments carefully.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Tuckman's model suggest about the interaction between leadership and influence during group development?

    <p>Leadership and influence are most prominent in the forming stage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of group development according to Bales’ interaction process analysis requires more negative socio-emotional behavior?

    <p>Storming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Bales’ interaction process analysis, why is socio-emotional behavior important in groups?

    <p><em>To minimize conflicts and promote group harmony</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what stage of group development, as per Bales’ interaction process analysis, should both positive socio-emotional behavior and task-related behavior be present?

    <p><em>Norming</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which job design characteristic did NOT show a positive relationship with most criteria for work groups, according to the text?

    <p>Task identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main factor suggested to enhance the motivational quality of members' jobs in self-managed groups based on the text?

    <p>Interdependent feedback and rewards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of group development, according to Bales’ interaction process analysis, should be characterized by both positive socio-emotional behavior and task-related behavior?

    <p>Performing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor was useful in predicting effectiveness for work groups based on the text?

    <p>Heterogeneity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element showed a negative relationship with most criteria for work groups in the text?

    <p>Task variety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among the job design characteristics, which one was particularly highlighted as enhancing the motivational quality of members' jobs in self-managed groups?

    <p>Self-management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common factor among job design characteristics that showed positive relationships with most criteria for work groups in the text?

    <p>Potency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the job design characteristics was suggested to have a useful predictive value for work groups' effectiveness?

    <p>Task Significance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does minority influence differ from majority influence?

    <p>Majority influence is about normative pressure, while minority influence is about persuasive arguments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of group dynamics, what is the main difference between public compliance and private acceptance?

    <p>Public compliance is about following majority opinions, while private acceptance involves internalizing minority views.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the persuasive arguments theory explain individual positions on issues?

    <p>Through the number and persuasiveness of pro and con arguments a person has available.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of minority influence according to Moscovici?

    <p>Minorities are less threatening than majorities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Moscovici distinguish minority influence from majority influence?

    <p>Majority influence focuses on normative pressures, while minority influence emphasizes persuasive arguments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of change do smaller subgroups bring about in larger subgroups according to the text?

    <p>Behavioral changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Relations between work group characteristics and effectiveness' was mentioned in the text. How does this relate to designing effective work groups?

    <p>By considering how work group characteristics affect the overall effectiveness of the group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main goals of role negotiations within a group?

    <p>To satisfy members' needs and achieve the group's goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the 'Storming' stage in Tuckman's model of group development.

    <p>It involves developing a group structure, dealing with issues of leadership and influence, and potential conflicts among members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'Performing' stage in group development?

    <p>To direct efforts towards achieving the group's task.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the concept of re-socialization in group dynamics.

    <p>Re-socialization is a period where a group persuades marginal members to stay or accommodates their wishes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reasoning behind Tuckman's model of group development?

    <p>To explain the common challenges groups face as they progress over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main distinction made by Bales' interaction process analysis (IPA) in group interaction?

    <p>The distinction between task behaviors and socio-emotional behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of group development, according to Tuckman's model, should be dominated by task-related behavior?

    <p>Performing stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of social influence occurs when people conform to the expectations of others?

    <p>Normative social influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In group interaction, what is the purpose of socio-emotional behavior according to Bales' interaction process analysis?

    <p>To restore group harmony</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of influence occurs when people conform to others because they accept information obtained from others as evidence about reality?

    <p>Informational social influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of job design was suggested to have a useful predictive value for work groups' effectiveness, except for task identity?

    <p>Task variety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text, which type of behavior is likely to be enhanced in members' jobs when working in self-managed groups?

    <p>Motivational quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Tuckman's model, what is the key focus of the 'Norming' stage of group development?

    <p>Cohesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it challenging to establish causality in surveys and correlational designs according to the text?

    <p>Due to lack of experimental control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does normative social influence lead individuals to conform to?

    <p>Group norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Moscovici, how does minority influence differ from majority influence?

    <p>Minority influence leads to private acceptance, while majority influence leads to public compliance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between public compliance and private acceptance in group dynamics?

    <p>Public compliance is conforming to norms or expectations in public, while private acceptance involves internalizing beliefs or attitudes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the persuasive arguments theory, what determines an individual's position on an issue?

    <p>The number and persuasiveness of pro and con arguments available to the individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does minority influence produce change in larger subgroups?

    <p>Smaller subgroups stimulate others to scrutinize arguments carefully and lead to private acceptance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes normative social influence from informational social influence?

    <p>Normative social influence is based on the desire to fit in and be accepted, while informational social influence is based on accepting information from others as evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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