106 Questions
What is the primary goal of role negotiations in groups?
To increase the rewardingness of the relationship between the group and its members
What typically happens in the 'Performing' stage of Tuckman's model of group development?
Group members agree on goals and establish norms for interaction
What is a key characteristic of the 'Storming' stage in Tuckman's model of group development?
Competition for different roles leading to conflicts
What is a possible outcome of the period of re-socialization in groups?
Accommodation to the wishes of marginal members
What characterizes the 'Forming' stage in Tuckman's model of group development?
Polite and inhibited interactions among group members
In what way does every group face challenges over time according to the text?
Groups may develop similarly over time due to common challenges
'Remembrance' involves which activity between an ex-member and the group?
Retrospectively evaluating each other
What is the essence of groupthink?
Excessive concurrence-seeking
According to Lewin, when do people form a group?
When they experience similar outcomes
What role does face-to-face interaction play in group cohesion according to Bales?
Crucial importance
Why is social structure essential in a group according to Sherif?
To avoid becoming a loose collection of individuals
What is the impact of shared identity on group existence according to Tajfel?
Essential for group formation
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of groupthink?
Encouraging diverse viewpoints
Why do group members in a state of groupthink might not realize the inadequacy or danger of their course of action?
Due to excessive concurrence-seeking
What is the purpose of socio-emotional behavior in a group according to Bales’ interaction process analysis?
To restore group harmony
Which stage of group development should be characterized by positive socio-emotional behavior?
Forming stage
What is normative social influence based on?
Expectations of others
Which type of social influence occurs when people conform because they accept information obtained from others as evidence about reality?
Informational social influence
During which stage of group development should there be both positive socio-emotional behavior and task-related behavior according to Bales’ interaction process analysis?
Norming stage
What happens when a larger subgroup produces conformity in a smaller subgroup?
Majority influence is exerted
'Task-related behavior is necessary for task completion but can lead to conflicts when people disagree.' Which type of behavior does this statement refer to?
'Task-related' behavior
Which job design characteristic did not show a positive relationship with most criteria according to the text?
Task identity
What is one reason suggested in the text for the motivational value of group work?
Enhancing the motivational quality of members’ jobs
Which of the following is NOT considered a job design characteristic mentioned in the text?
Managerial support
What characteristic may enhance the motivational quality of members’ jobs according to the text?
Task interdependence
Which of the following was useful in predicting effectiveness for work groups?
Task interdependence
What was suggested to be enhanced by self-managed groups?
The motivational quality of members’ jobs
What is a characteristic that may come in part because of the motivational value of group work?
Social support
What is suggested to be positively related to most criteria according to the text?
Task variety
What does Bales' interaction process analysis distinguish between?
Task behaviors and socio-emotional behaviors
In which stage of group development should more negative socio-emotional behavior occur according to the text?
Storming stage
What is the main purpose of socio-emotional behavior in a group, based on Bales’ interaction process analysis?
To restore group harmony
Which type of social influence occurs when people conform to the expectations of others?
Normative social influence
In a group, why do members conform to others according to informational social influence?
Because they accept information as evidence about reality
What does normative social influence lead individuals to conform to?
Expectations of others
According to Bales’ interaction process analysis, which stage of group development should be characterized by both positive socio-emotional behavior and task-related behavior?
'Norming' stage
What is the primary focus of role negotiations within a group?
Achieving the group's goals
During which stage of group development do issues of leadership and influence become prominent according to Tuckman's model?
Storming
What is the main purpose of re-socialization in a group?
To accommodate to marginal members' wishes
Why do group members in the 'Forming' stage exhibit polite and inhibited interactions?
Feeling insecure
In which stage of group development are group members primarily focused on achieving the group's task?
Performing
What characterizes the period of re-socialization in a group following divergence?
Attempts to persuade marginal members not to leave
According to Tuckman's model, what is the key focus of the 'Norming' stage of group development?
Agreeing on the group's goals
Which job design characteristic was not found to have a positive relationship with most criteria in work groups according to the text?
Task identity
What was suggested to be a key factor in predicting the effectiveness of work groups based on the text?
Job composition
Which characteristic of group work is implied to enhance the motivational quality of members' jobs according to the text?
Task interdependence
What was suggested by the findings mentioned in the text about the validity of job design models at the group level?
They may also be valid at the group level
Which type of behavior is likely to be enhanced in members' jobs when working in self-managed groups based on the text?
Interdependent feedback and rewards
What was found to be positively related to most criteria for work groups, except for task identity, according to the text?
Goal interdependence
Which element of job design characteristics showed a positive relationship with most criteria for work groups?
Task variety
What distinguishes minority influence from majority influence according to Moscovici?
Minority influence leads to public compliance while majority influence yields private acceptance.
How does the persuasive arguments theory explain an individual's position on an issue?
It is a function of the number and persuasiveness of pro and con arguments available.
How does minority influence differ from majority influence in terms of public vs. private acceptance?
Minority influence results in private acceptance while majority influence leads to public compliance.
In what way do minorities stimulate individuals to consider their arguments carefully?
By being less threatening compared to majorities.
How does majority influence differ from minority influence in terms of power?
Majorities are generally more powerful on direct measures of influence both publicly and privately.
What is one key characteristic of minority influence according to the text?
Consistent minority arguments stimulate others to scrutinize their own beliefs.
How does minority influence differ from majority influence in terms of threateningness?
Minorities are less threatening than majorities, leading to a different type of acceptance.
What is a limitation of surveys mentioned in the text?
They rely on subjective data
Which stage of group socialization involves group members learning the norms and unwritten rules of the group?
Socialization
Why is establishing causality difficult in surveys and correlational designs according to the text?
Subjective nature of data
What distinguishes experiments from surveys and correlational designs based on the text?
Controlled situations
Which stage of group membership involves groups looking for prospective members who can contribute to group goals?
Investigation
Why is it challenging to establish causality in surveys and correlational designs according to the text?
Subjective nature of data
In Levine and Morland’s model, what is the key activity during the 'Socialization' stage of group membership?
Learning group norms
What distinguishes normative social influence from informational social influence?
Normative social influence is based on conforming to the expectations of others, while informational social influence is based on accepting information obtained from others.
What role does socio-emotional behavior play in the performing stage of group development according to Bales’ interaction process analysis?
It should be dominated by task-related behavior.
How does majority influence differ from minority influence in Bales’ interaction process analysis?
Majority influence promotes conformity, while minority influence stimulates individuals to consider arguments carefully.
What does Tuckman's model suggest about the interaction between leadership and influence during group development?
Leadership and influence are most prominent in the forming stage.
Which stage of group development according to Bales’ interaction process analysis requires more negative socio-emotional behavior?
Storming
According to Bales’ interaction process analysis, why is socio-emotional behavior important in groups?
To minimize conflicts and promote group harmony
In what stage of group development, as per Bales’ interaction process analysis, should both positive socio-emotional behavior and task-related behavior be present?
Norming
Which job design characteristic did NOT show a positive relationship with most criteria for work groups, according to the text?
Task identity
What was the main factor suggested to enhance the motivational quality of members' jobs in self-managed groups based on the text?
Interdependent feedback and rewards
Which stage of group development, according to Bales’ interaction process analysis, should be characterized by both positive socio-emotional behavior and task-related behavior?
Performing
What factor was useful in predicting effectiveness for work groups based on the text?
Heterogeneity
What element showed a negative relationship with most criteria for work groups in the text?
Task variety
Among the job design characteristics, which one was particularly highlighted as enhancing the motivational quality of members' jobs in self-managed groups?
Self-management
What was a common factor among job design characteristics that showed positive relationships with most criteria for work groups in the text?
Potency
What aspect of the job design characteristics was suggested to have a useful predictive value for work groups' effectiveness?
Task Significance
How does minority influence differ from majority influence?
Majority influence is about normative pressure, while minority influence is about persuasive arguments.
In the context of group dynamics, what is the main difference between public compliance and private acceptance?
Public compliance is about following majority opinions, while private acceptance involves internalizing minority views.
How does the persuasive arguments theory explain individual positions on issues?
Through the number and persuasiveness of pro and con arguments a person has available.
What is the key characteristic of minority influence according to Moscovici?
Minorities are less threatening than majorities.
How does Moscovici distinguish minority influence from majority influence?
Majority influence focuses on normative pressures, while minority influence emphasizes persuasive arguments.
What type of change do smaller subgroups bring about in larger subgroups according to the text?
Behavioral changes
'Relations between work group characteristics and effectiveness' was mentioned in the text. How does this relate to designing effective work groups?
By considering how work group characteristics affect the overall effectiveness of the group.
What are the main goals of role negotiations within a group?
To satisfy members' needs and achieve the group's goals
Describe the 'Storming' stage in Tuckman's model of group development.
It involves developing a group structure, dealing with issues of leadership and influence, and potential conflicts among members.
What is the purpose of the 'Performing' stage in group development?
To direct efforts towards achieving the group's task.
Explain the concept of re-socialization in group dynamics.
Re-socialization is a period where a group persuades marginal members to stay or accommodates their wishes.
What is the reasoning behind Tuckman's model of group development?
To explain the common challenges groups face as they progress over time.
What is the main distinction made by Bales' interaction process analysis (IPA) in group interaction?
The distinction between task behaviors and socio-emotional behaviors
Which stage of group development, according to Tuckman's model, should be dominated by task-related behavior?
Performing stage
What type of social influence occurs when people conform to the expectations of others?
Normative social influence
In group interaction, what is the purpose of socio-emotional behavior according to Bales' interaction process analysis?
To restore group harmony
What type of influence occurs when people conform to others because they accept information obtained from others as evidence about reality?
Informational social influence
What characteristic of job design was suggested to have a useful predictive value for work groups' effectiveness, except for task identity?
Task variety
Based on the text, which type of behavior is likely to be enhanced in members' jobs when working in self-managed groups?
Motivational quality
According to Tuckman's model, what is the key focus of the 'Norming' stage of group development?
Cohesion
Why is it challenging to establish causality in surveys and correlational designs according to the text?
Due to lack of experimental control
What does normative social influence lead individuals to conform to?
Group norms
According to Moscovici, how does minority influence differ from majority influence?
Minority influence leads to private acceptance, while majority influence leads to public compliance.
What is the main difference between public compliance and private acceptance in group dynamics?
Public compliance is conforming to norms or expectations in public, while private acceptance involves internalizing beliefs or attitudes.
According to the persuasive arguments theory, what determines an individual's position on an issue?
The number and persuasiveness of pro and con arguments available to the individual.
How does minority influence produce change in larger subgroups?
Smaller subgroups stimulate others to scrutinize arguments carefully and lead to private acceptance.
What distinguishes normative social influence from informational social influence?
Normative social influence is based on the desire to fit in and be accepted, while informational social influence is based on accepting information from others as evidence.
Explore the concept of groupthink in small groups, where members prioritize unanimity over critical thinking. Learn how group harmony can lead to concurrence-seeking behavior and hinder decision-making processes.
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