Slovakia in the 20th Century History Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of the Austro-Hungarian army did the Slovaks represent during military mobilization?

  • 2%
  • 4% (correct)
  • 10%
  • 8%

Which Slovak political figure was active in Budapest?

  • Emil Stodola
  • Andrej Hlinka
  • Emanuel Lehocký
  • Ferdinand Juriga (correct)

In which towns did Slovaks participate in military actions during the early stages of WWI?

  • Ružomberok and Snina
  • Humenné and Bardejov (correct)
  • Prague and Vienna
  • Bratislava and Budapest

What was a significant change in the consciousness of Slovaks in the United States compared to those in Hungary?

<p>Greater democratic expression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a reaction of Slovak political parties to the outbreak of WWI?

<p>They expressed verbal loyalty without real action. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one consequence of military events on Slovak politics during WWI?

<p>Paralysis of higher-level political actions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization did several American Slovaks merge into in 1907?

<p>Slovak League (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were key figures in the conspiratorial activities in Bratislava during WWI?

<p>Andrej Hlinka and Emanuel Lehocký (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a direct consequence of the anti-war feelings among Slovak soldiers during the First World War?

<p>Military mutinies in various locations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Washington Declaration published by T.G. Masaryk?

<p>It declared the establishment of a new Czechoslovak state (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action marked the formal establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic?

<p>The announcement in Prague on October 28, 1918 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the Czechoslovak Legions have on international recognition of Czechoslovakia?

<p>Their military involvement highlighted the need for nation states (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event occurred after the establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic?

<p>The adoption of the Declaration of the Slovak Nation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Slovaks express their desire for self-determination in 1918?

<p>Through the Declaration of the Slovak Nation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the estimated losses among Slovak soldiers during the First World War?

<p>Around 69,700 dead and 61,680 disabled (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process was crucial for the establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic in 1918?

<p>Dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was T.G. Masaryk's main objective after leaving Austria in 1914?

<p>To break up Austria-Hungary and create Czechoslovakia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was Masaryk's proposal for Czechoslovakia met with skepticism by the Great Powers?

<p>They saw the Habsburg Monarchy as beneficial for balance (B), They feared Balkanization and national splintering (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurred in the representation of Czechs and Slovaks by the end of the war?

<p>They began to emphasize their separate identities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Edvard Beneš and Milan Rastislav Štefánik play in the establishment of Czechoslovakia?

<p>They actively collaborated in promoting Czechoslovak independence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of Masaryk's promotion of a single Czechoslovak nation?

<p>It strengthened the division between Czechs and Slovaks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the approach Masaryk took to convince the Entente Powers?

<p>He advocated for the existence of a single Czechoslovak nation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event marked the formation of the Czechoslovak National Council (ČSNR)?

<p>A conference in Paris in 1916 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Great Powers view the Habsburg Monarchy during the discussions of Czechoslovak independence?

<p>As a necessary evil that maintained stability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Slovak War Losses

During WWI, Slovakia suffered significant casualties, with an estimated 69,700 soldiers killed and 61,680 wounded.

Czechoslovak Legions

Military units formed by Czechs and Slovaks fighting for independence, notably in Russia.

Washington Declaration

A document published by T. G. Masaryk in 1918, advocating for an independent Czechoslovakian state.

Czechoslovak Republic Declaration

The formal establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic in Prague on October 28, 1918.

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Slovak National Council Declaration

Declaration of the Slovak nation on October 30, 1918, supporting self-determination and a union with Czechs.

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Separate Peace Failure

Efforts to negotiate a separate peace with Austria-Hungary were ultimately unsuccessful, due to external and internal factors, including the Entente Powers.

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Wartime Desertions

Slovak soldiers experienced increasing anti-war sentiment and desertion in the final stages of WWI.

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Entente Acceptance

The Entente Powers eventually recognized the establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic.

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Masaryk's goal

To break up Austria-Hungary and create Czechoslovakia.

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Czechoslovak independence

The aim of Czech and Slovak politicians to form a new, independent country.

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Entente Powers' concerns

Fears of Balkanization and national division in Central Europe.

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Czechoslovak National Council (ČSNR)

An organization formed in Paris in 1916 to support the independence of Czechoslovakia.

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Masaryk's role in ČSNR

Chairman of the Czechoslovak National Council, focused mostly on activities in London.

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Štefánik's role

Focused on forming volunteer legions in France, Italy, and Russia to support Czechoslovak independence.

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Austria-Hungary's breakup

The disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a cause of conflict and change.

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Czechoslovakia's significance for Slovaks

The new country brought a chance for self-determination and a separate identity for Slovaks.

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Slovak Mobilization

At the start of WWI, Hungary mobilized its army, including approximately 400,000 Slovaks, representing about 4% of the Austro-Hungarian army.

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Slovak Political Passivity

Despite initial verbal loyalty to the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, Slovak political parties chose to remain politically inactive during the war to avoid persecution and openly supporting the Monarchy's war aims.

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Slovak Conspiratorial Activities

While outwardly passive, small groups of Slovaks in various towns secretly exchanged information, established contacts, and collaborated with Czech political groups, laying the foundation for future independence.

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American Slovaks' Awareness

American Slovaks, living in a democratic society, had a different consciousness than their counterparts in Hungary. They were able to express their ideas freely and join various national associations.

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Slovak League Formation

In 1907, several Slovak organizations in the United States merged to form the Slovak League, a key platform for advocating Slovak national interests.

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American Slovaks' Wartime Interest

The outbreak of WWI sparked increased interest among American Slovaks in their homeland's affairs, leading to greater engagement in supporting their nation's cause.

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Slovak Wartime Political Leaders

Notable figures like Milan Hodža and Kornel Stodola in Vienna, Anton Štefánek in Prague, and Emanuel Lehocký in Bratislava played key roles in coordinating clandestine activities for Slovak independence.

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Slovak Wartime Challenges

The war presented significant challenges for Slovaks, including intense chauvinism, censorship, restricted movement, and political passivity, which hampered their efforts to openly advocate for national aspirations.

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Study Notes

Slovakia in the 20th Century

  • War significantly impacted Slovak society, with estimated 69,700 dead and 61,680 disabled soldiers. Desertions and anti-war sentiment increased in the final year.
  • Military mutinies occurred in locations like Boka Kotorská, Rímavská Sobota, Kragujevac, and Bratislava.

Establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic

  • Separating from Austria-Hungary was impossible, because of the abroad struggle against it and its military and strategic importance.
  • The Entente Powers eventually supported the establishment of nation-states on the ruins of the Monarchy.
  • T. G. Masaryk was instrumental in formulating the Washington Declaration (October 18, 1918), outlining Czechoslovakia's democratic principles.
  • Czechoslovakia was declared on October 28, 1918, in Prague.
  • Vavro Šrobár signed initial Slovak legislation for the Slovaks. However, this was not authorized by the Slovak National Council.
  • On October 30, 1918, the Slovak National Council met in Martin and declared support for joining a Czecho-Slovak state.

Pittsburgh Agreement

  • The Pittsburgh Agreement (May 3, 1918) promised Slovak autonomy within the future Czechoslovak state, but didn't fully incorporate Slovakia as an equal member.
  • This document was significant due to the participation of important Czecho-Slovak representatives.

Abroad Struggle of the Czechs and Slovaks

  • T. G. Masaryk, in 1914, aimed for the Austro-Hungarian Empire to collapse and a Czechoslovak state to be formed.
  • Masaryk's plan was presented to the British government in 1915.
  • He faced challenges convincing the Entente Powers to support Czech and Slovak independence.
  • Masaryk, Edvard Beneš,and Milan Rastislav Štefánik emphasized the creation of a single Czechoslovak nation, rather than two separate entities.
  • This approach was vital in gaining support for recognition.
  • The Czechoslovak National Council (ČSNR) was formed in 1916, in Paris, with Masaryk as chairman, and focus on forming legions from prisoners of war, deserters, and volunteers in various parts of Europe.

Effects of the War on the Slovak Population

  • Economy severely impacted; state control, restricted supplies, and shortages of manpower were significant issues.
  • Wartime legislation reduced worker rights, and women entered previously male-dominated professions due to the lack of men.
  • The war caused inflation and a general economic decline, peaking in a major strike in 1918.

Slovak Political Groups during the War

  • Slovak political groups initially expressed loyalty to the Austro-Hungarian empire out of concern for possible persecution. However, secret groups and political discussions grew supporting the idea of Czechoslovakia.
  • Several Slovak activists operated in Vienna, Prague, Budapest, and other locations, influencing the national independence movement.
  • Emil Stodola, Ferdinand Juriga, Emanuel Lehocký, Vavro Šrobár, and Andrej Hlinka emerged as important figures in the Slovak independence effort.

Slovak Activities in the United States

  • A large Slovak population existed in the US, with considerable political activity towards a Czechoslovak Republic.
  • Their views, driven by the democratic culture and desire to return home, emphasized the need for Slovak self-governance, language rights and separate statehood.
  • The Cleveland Agreement (1915) detailed their support for a federated, independent Czechoslovakia with separate governmental structures.

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Slovakia in the 20th Century - PDF

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Test your knowledge on Slovakia's tumultuous history in the 20th century, including the impact of war and the establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic. Explore events from military actions to the formation of a new nation-state in the aftermath of World War I. How well do you understand this significant period of Slovak history?

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