Sleep Psychology Chapter 5

REM sleep periods, initially short (10-20 minutes), lengthen in later sleep cycles (up to 30-45 minutes or more).

Adults experience about 20-25% of total sleep time in REM sleep.

A biological event that repeats itself at regular intervals.

Measures electrical activity in the brain.

Measures eye movements, especially important during REM sleep stage.

Measures skeletal muscle activity. Muscle activity decreases as sleep deepens.

REM sleep is marked by increased eye movements, reduced muscle tone, and a specific EEG pattern of low amplitude and high frequency.

A state of wakefulness without awareness. Individuals have sleep-wake cycles but no conscious awareness or purposeful activity.

Irreversible cessation of all cerebral and brainstem activities. The irreversible end of brain activity.

Measurable change in brain activity in response to external stimuli.

Behavioural reaction to external stimuli.

A severely reduced state of consciousness, characterized by generally non-responsive behaviour and very low brain activity.

Methods used to measure brain activity, like fMRI or EEG.

Individuals in this state demonstrate no signs of conscious awareness.

Individuals in this state do not demonstrate typical reactions to stimuli.

Changes in heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) that are not related to external stimuli.

Regular, rhythmic brain waves associated with a relaxed, awake state with eyes closed.

Irregular, faster brain waves associated with alertness and engagement.

Brain waves of moderate amplitude and frequency, associated with drowsiness and stage 1 sleep.

Slowest brain waves, high amplitude, associated with deep sleep.

Light sleep, transitioning from wakefulness to deeper sleep, lasting a few minutes.

Sleep stage characterized by spindles and K-complexes in brain waves; eye movements cease.

Deepest stages of sleep, marked by delta waves and extreme difficulty to awaken.

Sleep stage characterized by rapid eye movements, brain waves similar to wakefulness, and dreaming.

The EEG pattern observed when a person is awake, with eyes closed, and not actively thinking.

Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells that send light signals to the SCN, regulating the circadian rhythm.

A hormone produced by the pineal gland that regulates sleep-wake cycles, typically increasing at night.

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, a brain region that regulates the circadian rhythm and influences other bodily functions.

The roughly 24-hour internal biological clock regulating various bodily functions.

A pigment that responds most strongly to blue light in the retina.

The natural cycle of sleep and wakefulness, regulated by the SCN and other factors.

Biological clocks found in various tissues and organs, synchronized with the SCN's circadian rhythm.

The increasing drive to sleep as time awake accumulates.

Neurotransmitter that contributes to sleep pressure.

A sleep disorder where throat muscles relax and block the airway during sleep.

A sleep disorder where the brain doesn't send proper signals to breathing muscles.

A combination of OSA and CSA.

Long-term neurological disorder affecting sleep-wake regulation.

Sudden loss of muscle control in narcolepsy, ranging from weakness to collapse.

Sleep disorders involving unwanted events during sleep or waking.

Moving around while asleep.

A parasomnia marked by intense fear and screaming.

Diagnostic test to monitor sleep stages and functions while asleep.

Continuous positive airway pressure device for sleep apnea.

Some health factors that may lead to sleep problems.

Finding the cause of a sleep disorder.

REM and slow-wave sleep help strengthen memory connections, moving memories from temporary storage to long-term storage.

The brain's cleaning system, activated during sleep, removes waste like beta-amyloid, which can protect against neurological diseases.

Formation of new brain cells, primarily in the hippocampus, crucial for memory and learning.

Not getting enough sleep disrupts memory and learning processes, affecting attention and decision-making.

Sleep loss affects neurotransmitters and brain activity linked to emotions, causing emotional instability.

Lack of sleep disrupts the body's daily rhythm, impacting blood pressure and inflammatory responses.

Sleep enhances the immune system. Lack of sleep weakens the immune system, making you more prone to illness.

Sleep regulates insulin and carbohydrate metabolism. Lack of sleep disrupts these processes.

Sleep allows for active protein synthesis, crucial for tissue repair.

Sleep optimizes the production of immune cells (cytokines and T-cells).

Sleep regulates hormones like insulin, cortisol, and growth hormone.

Sleep promotes the healing of muscles after exertion.

Sleep shifts metabolism to recovery processes.

Sleep enhances the body's ability to regulate blood sugar.

Sleep regulates the nervous system's control of the heart rate and blood pressure.

State of self-awareness, perception, responsiveness, and acting with judgment

Lack of responsiveness to external stimuli and voluntary actions

Profound unconsciousness; inability to sense/respond, lost sleep-wake cycle

Wakefulness without awareness; sleep-wake cycle, but no conscious activity

Irreversible cessation of all cerebral/brainstem activity (end of brain function)

A condition of wakefulness without awareness. Individuals have sleep-wake cycles but show no signs of conscious awareness or purposeful activity.

Irreversible cessation of all cerebral and brainstem activities. The irreversible end of all brain activity.

Measurable change in brain activity in response to external stimuli.

Behavioural reaction to external stimuli.

A severely reduced state of consciousness, characterized by generally non-responsive behaviour and very low brain activity.

Methods used to measure brain activity, like fMRI or EEG.

Individuals in this state demonstrate no signs of conscious awareness.

Individuals in this state do not demonstrate typical reactions to stimuli.

Refers to the level of purposeful behaviour.

REM sleep periods are initially short (10-20 minutes), becoming longer (up to 30-45 minutes or more) throughout the night.

In adults, REM sleep typically accounts for 20-25% of total sleep time.

A biological rhythm that repeats itself at regular, shorter-than-daily intervals.

A test that measures electrical activity in the brain.

Measures eye movements.

Measures the activity of skeletal muscles.

Increased eye movements, reduced muscle tone, and a specific EEG pattern of low amplitude and high frequency.

Non-Rapid Eye Movement sleep; encompasses stages 1 - 4 of sleep; characterized by the absence of rapid eye movements.

Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells that detect light and send signals to the SCN, regulating the circadian rhythm.

The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, a brain region that controls the circadian rhythm and regulates bodily functions, like melatonin.

The internal, roughly 24-hour biological clock that regulates various bodily functions.

Hormone produced by the pineal gland, regulating sleep-wake cycles; levels increase at night.

Increasing drive to sleep over time, related to time spent awake.

Neurotransmitter contributing to sleep pressure as the day progresses.

Biological clocks in other tissues and organs, synchronized with the SCN's circadian rhythm.

A sleep disorder where throat muscles relax, blocking the airway during sleep.

A sleep disorder where the brain doesn't send proper signals to the breathing muscles.

A combination of OSA and CSA.

A neurological disorder affecting sleep-wake regulation, causing daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks.

Sudden loss of muscle control in narcolepsy, ranging from weakness to collapse.

Sleep disorders involving unwanted events during sleep or waking.

Moving around while asleep.

A parasomnia marked by intense fear and screaming.

Diagnostic test to monitor sleep stages and functions while asleep.

Continuous positive airway pressure device for sleep apnea.

Obesity, male gender, large neck circumference, alcohol/sedative use.

Snoring, gasping during sleep, daytime sleepiness, loss of concentration, memory loss.

Determining the type and cause of sleep problems through evaluation and tests.

Modern society often disrupts natural sleep patterns due to 24/7 stimulation.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA).

REM and slow-wave sleep strengthen memory connections, moving memories from temporary to long-term storage.

The brain's cleaning system, activated during sleep, removes waste like beta-amyloid.

Formation of new neurons in the brain, primarily in the hippocampus, important for memory and learning.

Lack of sleep disrupts memory and learning processes, affecting attention and decision-making.

Sleep loss affects neurotransmitters and brain regions related to emotions, causing emotional instability.

Lack of sleep disrupts the body's daily rhythm, impacting blood pressure regulation and inflammatory responses.

Sleep enhances the immune system. Lack of sleep weakens the immune system, making you more prone to illness.

Sleep regulates insulin and carbohydrate metabolism. Lack of sleep disrupts these processes.

Sleep allows for active protein synthesis, crucial for tissue repair.

Sleep optimizes the production of immune cells (cytokines and T-cells).

Sleep regulates hormones like insulin, cortisol, and growth hormone.

Sleep promotes healing of muscles.

Sleep shifts metabolism to recovery processes.

Sleep enhances the body's ability to regulate blood sugar.

Sleep regulates the nervous system's control of the heart rate and blood pressure.