Sleep Disorder Expert

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Questions and Answers

Which category of sleep disorders is characterized by problems related to sleep quantity, quality, and timing?

c. Sleep-onset disorders
b. Dyssomnias (correct)
d. Breathing-related sleep disorders
a. Parasomnias

What are some examples of disorders classified under Dyssomnias?

b. Narcolepsy and hypersomnolence disorder (correct)
d. Sleep-related movement disorders
c. Sleep-related eating disorder
a. Sleepwalking and sleep terrors

What is OSA, an abbreviation mentioned under Breathing-related sleep disorders?

b. Onset of Sleep Apnea
c. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (correct)
a. Obstructive Snoring Arrhythmia
d. Overactive Sleep Arousal

Which method is typically used to measure daytime sleepiness in individuals with sleep disorders?

By self-report methods (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale?

To measure an individual's propensity for daytime sleepiness (C) Signup and view all the answers

How many different situations are included in the Epworth Sleepiness Scale for rating daytime sleepiness?

Eight situations (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does a higher total score on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale indicate?

Greater propensity for daytime sleep (B) Signup and view all the answers

What total score on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale indicates excessive daytime sleepiness?

16-24 (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is a key characteristic of narcolepsy?

Recurrent episodes of uncontrollable daytime sleepiness within the same day (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of narcolepsy?

Disturbed night-time sleep (D) Signup and view all the answers

What triggers sleep episodes in individuals with narcolepsy?

Strong emotions (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to diagnostic criteria, how frequently should narcoleptic sleep episodes occur within a week for a duration of three months or more?

At least three times a week (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key symptom that distinguishes Type 1 Narcolepsy from other sleep disorders?

Episodes of cataplexy (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Type 1 Narcolepsy?

Hypnogogic hallucinations and reduced REM latency (D) Signup and view all the answers

To confirm a diagnosis of Type 1 Narcolepsy, which test is typically required?

Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the estimated prevalence of narcolepsy in the general population?

d. Less than 1% (C) Signup and view all the answers

Is the prevalence of narcolepsy equal across males and females?

a. Yes, it affects both equally (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is believed to have a significant role in the development of narcolepsy?

c. Genetic factors (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a first-line treatment for narcolepsy?

Stimulant and/or wake-promoting medications (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended psychological/behavioral intervention to improve nighttime sleep in narcolepsy management?

Planning for daytime naps (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention aims to help individuals with narcolepsy manage their emotional responses?

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom experienced by individuals with Idiopathic Hypersomnia?

d. Excessive daytime sleepiness despite sleeping normal or greater than normal hours (C) Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the unrefreshing nature of naps in individuals with Idiopathic Hypersomnia?

b. Sleep inertia (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of Sleep-Onset REM (SOREM) episodes in Idiopathic Hypersomnia compare to narcolepsy?

c. Fewer or no SOREM episodes (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)?

b. Recurrent partial or complete blockage of the upper airway during sleep (D) Signup and view all the answers

What can result from the blockage of the upper airway in OSA during sleep?

c. Interruptions in breathing or shallow breathing (A) Signup and view all the answers

How is reductions in blood oxygen levels (desaturation) typically recorded during the diagnosis of OSA?

c. Using a polysomnography test (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following blood oxygen level ranges is considered mild OSA?

90-95% (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for blood oxygen levels (oxygen saturation) in adults?

96-97% (A) Signup and view all the answers

Untreated OSA can be a causal factor for which health issues?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is NOT a common sign or symptom that needs to be present in addition to polysomnography (PSG) evidence for the diagnosis of OSA?

Weight loss and low BMI (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the diagnostic criteria for OSA based on polysomnography (PSG) evidence?

5 or more obstructive apneas or hypopneas per hour (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the alternative diagnostic criteria for OSA based on PSG evidence, regardless of daytime symptoms?

15 or more apnea/hypopnea events per hour of sleep (A) Signup and view all the answers

Approximately what percentage of the population is estimated to have OSA?

c. Around 20% (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which gender is more commonly affected by OSA?

c. More common in men (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is associated with a higher risk of developing OSA?

c. High blood pressure (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does excess body weight relate to the prevalence of OSA?

c. OSA is more common in those who are overweight (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary function of a Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) machine in the treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)?

b. It delivers a continuous stream of air to open the airway during sleep (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which individuals with OSA is CPAP therapy often considered the primary treatment for?

c. Those with moderate to severe OSA (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of motivational interviewing in the management of OSA?

b. To understand the importance of using a CPAP for OSA treatment (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does "graduated exposure to work with CPAP difficulties" involve in OSA management?

Gradually increasing the use of CPAP (C) Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Dyssomnias

Characterized by problems related to sleep quantity, quality, and timing
Examples of disorders classified under Dyssomnias: Insomnia, Narcolepsy, Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), Breathing-related sleep disorders

OSA: Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Characterized by blockage of the upper airway during sleep
Can result in reductions in blood oxygen levels (desaturation)

Narcolepsy

Key characteristic: excessive daytime sleepiness
Common symptom: excessive daytime sleepiness
Triggers sleep episodes: cataplexy (sudden muscle weakness)
Diagnostic criteria: narcoleptic sleep episodes occur at least 3 times a week for 3 months or more
Key symptom: cataplexy
Characteristic feature: sudden muscle weakness (cataplexy)
Diagnostic test: Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT)
Estimated prevalence in the general population: 0.02-0.18%
Prevalence: not equal across males and females
Factor believed to have a significant role in development: genetic predisposition
First-line treatment: modafinil
Recommended psychological/behavioral intervention: sleep hygiene practices
Intervention to manage emotional responses: cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

Idiopathic Hypersomnia

Common symptom: excessive daytime sleepiness
Term to describe unrefreshing naps: "unrefreshing hypersomnia"
Presence of Sleep-Onset REM (SOREM) episodes: less common than in narcolepsy

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

Characteristic: blockage of the upper airway during sleep
Result of blockage: reductions in blood oxygen levels (desaturation)
Diagnostic criteria: 5 or more events per hour of sleep
Blood oxygen level range for mild OSA: 90-94%
Normal range for blood oxygen levels (oxygen saturation) in adults: 95-100%
Untreated OSA can be a causal factor for: cardiovascular disease, hypertension, stroke
Not a common sign or symptom for OSA diagnosis: insomnia
Diagnostic criteria for OSA based on PSG evidence: 15 or more events per hour of sleep
Alternative diagnostic criteria for OSA based on PSG evidence: 5 or more events per hour of sleep regardless of daytime symptoms
Estimated percentage of population with OSA: 2-4%
More commonly affected gender: males
Factor associated with higher risk of developing OSA: excess body weight
Excess body weight relation to OSA prevalence: higher risk
Primary function of a Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) machine: maintains airway pressure to prevent blockage
Individuals with OSA that CPAP therapy is often considered primary treatment for: those with moderate to severe OSA
Goal of motivational interviewing in OSA management: improve CPAP adherence
"Graduated exposure to work with CPAP difficulties" in OSA management: gradually exposing patients to CPAP difficulties to build tolerance.

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