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Questions and Answers

What is the term used for a single measurement or observation in research?

  • Variable
  • Datum (correct)
  • Data set
  • Statistic

    • Which of the following defines the data in a statistical context?

  • Single data points only
  • An unmeasured observation
  • Statistics that describe sample values
  • A collection of measurements or observations (correct)

    • Which type of data operates on a numerical level of measurement?

  • Nominal data
  • Categorical data
  • Qualitative data
  • Continuous data (correct)

    • What is a parameter in the context of statistics?

    <p>A description of a population value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to distinguish whether data comes from a population or a sample?

    <p>It determines the statistical methods used for analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'score' refer to in the context of measurements?

    <p>A specific raw score or datum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of data can be classified as discrete?

    <p>Number of students in a class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'measurement' in practical research?

    <p>The act of collecting raw scores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of sampling error?

    <p>The discrepancy between a sample statistic and a population parameter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the total number of respondents initially approached in the scenario?

    <p>49</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What proportion of respondents did not complete the tests in the actual scenario?

    <p>6 out of 49</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the hypothetical scenario, how many respondents were included in the study sample?

    <p>30</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sampling method was used in the hypothetical scenario?

    <p>Convenience sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the mean value of 7.66 represent in the PERMA profiler?

    <p>Engagement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the PERMA profiler had the lowest mean score?

    <p>Meaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Would there likely be a difference in means between the two parts of the sample taken?

    <p>Yes, it is likely there will be a difference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five subscales of the PERMA profiler?

    <p>Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, Accomplishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could the average scores from two groups indicate about their differences?

    <p>A random variation without any significance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the given data, which variable has the lowest mean score for the MIIS G12 group?

    <p>Accomplishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key question when analyzing descriptive statistics?

    <p>How spread out are the data values on the graph?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many participants were involved in the MIIS G12 study?

    <p>45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a line drawn from the front to back of a class signify in the described scenario?

    <p>A random grouping of participants for comparison</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the shape of a graph that shows normal distribution?

    <p>Symmetrical bell-shaped curve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average score for the Relationships variable in the Validation study?

    <p>6.90</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of descriptive statistics?

    <p>To summarize, organize, and simplify data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common technique used in descriptive statistics to summarize a data set?

    <p>Computing an average</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do inferential statistics allow researchers to do?

    <p>Study samples and generalize to a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a sample used in inferential statistics?

    <p>It is impossible to survey the entire population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue is associated with using a sample to represent a population?

    <p>Sample statistics can vary widely from population parameters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the discrepancy between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter?

    <p>Sampling error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of descriptive statistics?

    <p>Limits analysis to inferential conclusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do researchers rely on sample statistics for in inferential statistics?

    <p>To derive insights about population parameters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of statistics in research?

    <p>To organize and interpret information gathered from the study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'population' refer to in research?

    <p>The entire group of individuals that a researcher wants to understand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a purpose of statistics in research?

    <p>Providing funding for research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might influence an individual's behavior in a research study?

    <p>Outside factors related to the population being studied</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'sample' in research?

    <p>A subset of individuals selected from a larger population for study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of standardized techniques in statistics?

    <p>They ensure familiarity and recognition among researchers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of research, what does the phrase 'transfer of knowledge like currency' imply?

    <p>Statistical methods shared among researchers encourage collaboration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of researchers when they pose a question about a population?

    <p>To examine specific characteristics of the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms best describes what changes or can have different values in research?

    <p>Variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of research does the quest for 'illumination and enlightenment' metaphorically represent?

    <p>The clarity and understanding gained from research findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do researchers typically narrow down their population to a sample?

    <p>Through purposive or stratified sampling methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key benefit of using standardized statistics in different studies?

    <p>They allow findings to be easily communicated and compared</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome researchers aim for when answering their initial research questions?

    <p>Justifying conclusions based on obtained results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is crucial for making sense of data in practical research?

    <p>Mathematical procedures for organizing and interpreting information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Data and Measurement

    • Data point refers to a single measurement or observation in research.
    • Data in a statistical context refers to a collection of observations or measurements.
    • Quantitative data operates on a numerical level of measurement.
    • A parameter is a numerical value that describes a characteristic of a population.

    Sampling and Error

    • It is important to differentiate between population and sample data because a sample may not accurately represent the entire population.
    • A score refers to a specific value obtained from a measurement.
    • Discrete data can only take on a finite number of values or can be counted.
    • Measurement in research involves assigning numerical values to observations according to a set of rules.
    • Sampling error is the difference between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter.

    Scenario Analysis

    • The scenario initially approached 100 respondents.
    • 20% of respondents did not complete the tests.
    • The hypothetical study sample included 80 respondents.
    • The sampling method in the hypothetical scenario was convenience sampling.
    • The mean value of 7.66 represents the average well-being score according to the PERMA profiler.
    • The Relationships part of the PERMA profiler had the lowest mean score.
    • Due to the difference in mean scores, there is likely a difference in means between the two groups.

    PERMA Profiler

    • The five subscales of the PERMA profiler are Positive Emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment.
    • The average scores from two groups can indicate differences in well-being levels between them.
    • The Relationships variable has the lowest mean score for the MIIS G12 group.
    • A key question when analyzing descriptive statistics is "What is the typical or central value of the data?"

    Study Data

    • There were 50 participants involved in the MIIS G12 study.
    • A line drawn from the front to the back of a class in the scenario signifies the median score.
    • A graph that shows normal distribution is bell-shaped.
    • The average score for the Relationships variable in the Validation study is 7.33.

    Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

    • Descriptive statistics summarize and describe data sets.
    • A common technique used in descriptive statistics to summarize a data set is calculating measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode).
    • Inferential statistics allow researchers to draw conclusions or make generalizations about a population based on a sample.
    • A sample is used in inferential statistics because it may be impractical or impossible to study the entire population.
    • Using a sample to represent a population can lead to sampling error.
    • Sampling error refers to the discrepancy between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter.
    • Descriptive statistics are NOT used to make inferences about populations.
    • Researchers rely on sample statistics to estimate population parameters in inferential statistics.

    Statistics and Research

    • The primary function of statistics in research is to organize, analyze, and interpret data.
    • A population in research refers to the entire group of individuals or objects of interest.
    • Predicting future outcomes is NOT a purpose of statistics in research.
    • Factors like individual biases, prior experiences, and social influences can influence an individual's behavior in a research study.
    • A sample in research is a subset of the population that is selected for study.
    • Standardized techniques in statistics are consistent methodologies used to collect, organize, and analyze data.
    • "Transfer of knowledge like currency" implies that knowledge gained from research findings can be exchanged and applied in different contexts.
    • When researchers pose a question about a population, they are focused on understanding the characteristics of the entire group.
    • A variable is something that changes or can have different values in research.
    • The quest for "illumination and enlightenment" metaphorically represents the search for deeper understanding and knowledge through research.
    • Researchers typically narrow down their population to a sample using sampling techniques.
    • One key benefit of using standardized statistics in different studies is ensuring comparability and consistency of findings.
    • The outcome researchers aim for when answering their initial research questions is gaining insights and generating knowledge.
    • Statistical methods are crucial for making sense of data in practical research.

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