Skin Condition Problems: Acne Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a critical diagnostic factor for identifying cold sores?

  • Location on the body (correct)
  • Color of the crust
  • Size of the lesions
  • Time of year

Which of the following can be a precipitating factor for cold sores?

  • Increased hydration
  • Regular exercise
  • Cold weather
  • Sunlight exposure (correct)

How many attacks do most sufferers experience each year?

  • 3 to 5
  • 5 to 10
  • 10 to 20
  • 1 to 3 (correct)

What should be done if cold sore lesions affect the eye?

<p>Immediately see a doctor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as a trigger for cold sores?

<p>High humidity levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily associated with the development of acne in individuals exposed to certain occupational environments?

<p>Oils and greases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can result from the inflammation of deep lesions in acne?

<p>Scarring (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of lesion is characterized by the presence of a plug of keratin that is initially white?

<p>Whitehead (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterium is primarily associated with the inflammatory reactions in acne?

<p>Cutibacterium acnes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage does moderate acne consist of a combination of non-inflammatory and inflammatory lesions?

<p>Moderate stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What leads to the blockage of follicles and formation of microcomedones in acne?

<p>Increased amount of keratin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor thought to contribute to the overgrowth of bacteria and subsequent inflammatory lesions in acne?

<p>Excess sebum production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of acne lesion may develop from a microcomedone?

<p>Comedone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of hydrocolloid in wound care?

<p>To promote healing properties (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is recommended to minimize the risk of transmitting a cold sore?

<p>Avoiding physical contact such as kisses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes scabies?

<p>An intensely itchy skin infestation caused by a parasite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is most commonly affected by eczema herpeticum?

<p>Patients with atopic eczema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age range is scabies infestation most common?

<p>10-19 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does scratching due to itching have on the skin?

<p>It can cause changes in the skin's appearance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of scabies-related itching?

<p>It tends to be severe, especially at night (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is incorrect regarding scabies infestation?

<p>It affects men more often than women (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptoms indicate the need for referral in the treatment of scabies?

<p>Persistent itching after several days (B), Development of new lesions after treatment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary ingredient in first-line treatment for scabies?

<p>Permethrin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long should permethrin cream be left on the body according to treatment guidelines?

<p>8-12 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario is malathion recommended as an alternative treatment?

<p>When permethrin is not suitable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception regarding treatment failure in scabies?

<p>Itching continuing after successful treatment indicates re-infestation (B), All patients respond to the same treatment option (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if the hands are washed after applying permethrin cream?

<p>Reapply cream immediately to avoid infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What demographic is specifically mentioned as needing careful management for scabies?

<p>Babies and young children (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about treatment options for scabies is accurate?

<p>Permethrin cream is generally preferred in treatment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of topical nicotinamide gel?

<p>It has a mild anti-inflammatory action. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of scabies that differentiates it from other skin conditions?

<p>Itching is worse at night. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided to prevent side effects from benzoyl peroxide?

<p>Contact with eyes and mucous membranes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which body sites are commonly affected by scabies infestations?

<p>Web space of fingers and toes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of people are likely to have athlete’s foot at any one time?

<p>15-25% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of athlete’s foot?

<p>Itchy, flaky skin between the toes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long can it take for symptoms of scabies to develop after initial exposure?

<p>6–8 weeks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of using topical nicotinamide gel?

<p>Skin dryness and/or irritation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can happen as a result of scratching due to the itch of scabies?

<p>Secondary infections may occur. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding athlete’s foot is correct?

<p>It is a very common fungal infection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors influence the prevalence of scabies in the population?

<p>Age and living environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is generally recommended if scabies is suspected in infants and young children?

<p>Immediate referral to a doctor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can potentially indicate the need for referral in long-standing conditions?

<p>Duration and appearance of symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of discharge is indicative of a potential secondary infection in scabies?

<p>Weeping yellow discharge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can help minimize damage to clothes when treating acne with certain topical medications?

<p>Wearing an old t-shirt or shirt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often does the prevalence of scabies peak?

<p>Every 15–20 years. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cold Sore Location

Cold sores typically appear on the lips or face. However, lesions inside the mouth, close to or affecting the eye require medical attention.

Cold Sore Triggers

Cold sores can be triggered by various factors such as sunlight, wind, fever, menstruation, rundown state, local trauma, and emotional stress.

Cold Sore Appearance

Cold sores usually start as a small, red, itchy bump that develops into a blister. The blister then forms a yellow-colored crust.

Cold Sore Spread

Cold sores can spread to form 'satellite' lesions. These are smaller sores that appear near the original sore.

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Recurring Cold Sores

Cold sores are often recurrent, meaning they come back multiple times a year. Most people experience 1-3 outbreaks annually.

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Athlete's foot (Tinea Pedis)

A common fungal skin infection affecting the feet and toes, often characterized by itchy, flaky skin between the toes. thrives in warm, moist environments.

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Hydrocolloid for Wounds

A type of dressing used for wounds that helps to create a moist healing environment and protect the wound from bacteria.

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Sharing Items with Cold Sores

Avoid sharing personal items like cutlery, towels, toothbrushes, and face flannels with others when you have a cold sore to prevent spreading the virus.

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Topical Nicotinamide Gel

A gel applied twice daily to the skin, it has a mild anti-inflammatory action, helps degrease the skin and reduce skin flora.

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Benzoyl Peroxide

An acne treatment that works by killing bacteria and reducing inflammation. It can be irritating to the skin and must be used with caution around the eyes and mouth.

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Cold Sore Treatment

For occasional cold sores, simple creams containing antiseptics can help reduce discomfort. However, there is limited evidence for the effectiveness of these creams.

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Eczema Herpeticum

A serious skin infection that occurs in people with eczema, caused by the herpes virus. People with eczema are more susceptible to this infection and react differently to the virus.

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Ceramides and Retinols

Ingredients often found in acne treatments that help to reduce inflammation and improve skin texture.

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Significance of Athlete's Foot Symptoms

The duration, severity, appearance, presence of broken skin, and soreness of athlete's foot can indicate the need for referral to a doctor.

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Scabies

An itchy skin infestation caused by tiny mites called Sarcoptes scabiei, which burrow into the skin.

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White Sheets and Pillowcases

Using clean white sheets and pillowcases can minimize the spread of bacteria and fungi that cause skin infections.

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Scabies Itch

The itch associated with scabies is intense, particularly at night, and can lead to changes in the skin's appearance due to scratching.

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Scabies Age and Prevalence

Scabies can affect people of any age, but it is most common between ages 10 and 19 and more prevalent in women.

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Old Clothes for Acne Treatments

Wearing old clothing can protect your good clothes from staining or damage caused by acne treatments.

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Acne Treatment Effectiveness

Some acne treatments, such as topical nicotinamide gel, have limited evidence of effectiveness. Others, like benzoyl peroxide, have proven effectiveness but may require several weeks of treatment to see results.

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Scabies Transmission

Scabies is spread through direct skin-to-skin contact. Scratching can also spread the mites.

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What is a microcomedone?

A microcomedone is a clogged hair follicle that is the very first stage of acne formation. It's a tiny, blocked follicle filled with keratin and oil.

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What is a comedone?

A comedone is a visible blockage of a hair follicle, resulting from built-up keratin and oil. They can be open (blackheads) or closed (whiteheads).

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What causes acne?

Acne is often caused by an overproduction of sebum (oil) in the skin, leading to clogged hair follicles. This can be triggered by hormones, genetics, and certain bacteria.

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What are inflammatory lesions in acne?

These are the red, painful bumps that appear with acne. They develop when the clogged follicle becomes infected, leading to inflammation.

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What bacteria is involved in acne?

Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) is a type of bacteria commonly found on our skin. It can contribute to the development of inflammatory lesions in acne.

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How does sebum contribute to acne?

Excess sebum (skin oil) can lead to clogged hair follicles, setting the stage for acne development. It serves as a food source for bacteria, further contributing to inflammation.

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What is the difference between a blackhead and a whitehead?

Both blackheads and whiteheads are comedones (clogged follicles). Blackheads have an open pore, allowing the plug to oxidize and turn dark. Whiteheads have a closed pore, keeping the plug white.

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What is the role of androgen hormones in acne?

Androgen hormones, like testosterone, can increase sebum production, contributing to acne. This is why acne is common during puberty and sometimes linked to hormonal imbalances.

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What is scabies?

Scabies is a skin condition caused by a tiny mite called Sarcoptes scabiei. The mite burrows under the skin, laying eggs and causing intense itching.

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What are the symptoms of scabies?

The most common symptom of scabies is intense itching, especially at night. A red, bumpy rash may also appear, often in the web spaces of the hands and feet, wrists, underarms, and buttocks.

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How is scabies spread?

Scabies is spread through close personal contact with an infected person. This can occur through hugging, shaking hands, sharing bedding, or close contact with clothing.

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What is the treatment for scabies?

Scabies is treated with prescription medications that kill the mites. It is important to treat all family members and close contacts to prevent re-infection.

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How long does it take for scabies symptoms to appear?

Symptoms of scabies can take several weeks, even 6-8 weeks, to appear in someone who has not been infected previously.

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Why is itching worse at night?

The scabies mites are most active at night and burrow through the skin to lay eggs, causing more intense itching that disturbs sleep.

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What can happen if scabies isn't treated?

Untreated scabies can lead to secondary infections, such as impetigo, due to scratching. This can cause further skin damage, pain, and discomfort.

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When should I see a doctor about scabies?

If you suspect you have scabies, it is important to see a doctor for diagnosis and treatment. Infants and young children should be seen by a doctor immediately.

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Scabies Treatment Failure

Scabies treatment failure can occur if medication is used incorrectly or if the wrong treatment is chosen. For example, permethrin is the first-line treatment, but malathion can be used when permethrin is not suitable.

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Scabies Symptoms

Scabies is characterized by intense itching, especially at night, and a rash. The rash often appears in areas like armpits, around the nipples, buttocks, genital area, and around the ankles.

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Scabies: When to Refer?

Refer patients with suspected scabies to a doctor if they are babies or young children, have crusted scabies, or there is a scabies outbreak in an institution.

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Permethrin for Scabies

Permethrin cream is the first-line treatment for scabies. It is highly effective and usually requires a single application.

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Malathion for Scabies

Malathion can be used for scabies if permethrin is not suitable. However, the evidence for its effectiveness is less robust.

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Scabies Treatment Duration

Apply permethrin cream to the whole body and leave it on for 8-12 hours before washing it off. If hands are washed within 8 hours of application, reapply the cream.

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Scabies Itch After Treatment

Itching after successful scabies treatment can continue for several days or weeks. This doesn't necessarily mean the treatment failed.

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Scabies Treatment Assessment

It's important to ask patients about previous scabies treatment methods, as incorrect use can lead to treatment failure.

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Study Notes

Skin Condition Problems

  • Acne (acne vulgaris) is a condition involving blockage or inflammation of hair follicles and sebaceous glands.
  • 95% of adolescents experience acne.
  • Mild to moderate acne typically responds to over-the-counter treatments.
  • Acne often develops during puberty due to increased androgen production.
  • Keratin and sebum production also contribute to acne formation.
  • Excessive sebum may lead to an overgrowth of bacteria (Cutibacterium acnes), causing inflammation.
  • Acne can be non-inflammatory (comedones) or inflammatory (papules, pustules, nodules, or cysts).
  • Acne severity ranges from mild (mostly non-inflammatory comedones) to moderate (mixture of non-inflammatory comedones and inflammatory papules/pustules) to severe (widespread nodules and cysts).
  • Acne predominantly affects the face, upper back/shoulders, and chest (these areas have many sebaceous glands).
  • Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin condition sometimes mistaken for acne; it only affects the face.

Different Types of Acne

  • Comedones:
    • Open comedones (blackheads): A plug of keratin at the follicle entrance.
    • Closed comedones (whiteheads): Similar to blackheads, but they appear white.
  • Papules: Small red bumps.
  • Pustules: Bumps with a white/yellow head (pus).
  • Nodules: Large, inflamed bumps that feel firm.
  • Cysts: Large, pus-filled bumps, softer than nodules.

Significance of Questions and Answers (Acne)

  • Acne typically begins during puberty and can last until the late teens or early 20s.
  • Acne is rare in young children/babies; if present, it may indicate a hormonal tumor.
  • In patients who develop acne after their teenage years, other factors (e.g., hyperandrogenism in women, drug therapy, or occupational factors like oily substances) should be considered.

When to Refer (Acne)

  • Severe acne.
  • Acne that doesn't respond to treatment after 8 weeks.
  • Possible drug-induced acne.
  • Patient experiences significant distress.

Treatment Timescale (Acne)

  • Patients with mild-to-moderate acne that doesn't improve within 8 weeks should be referred to a doctor/physician.

Different Types of Fungal Infections

  • Athlete's foot (tinea pedis): A common fungal infection affecting feet and toes. Characterized by itchy, flaky skin, often between toes, and may spread to the sole or sides of the feet.
  • Ringworm (Tinea): A fungal infection that causes circular lesions, typically spreading from a small red papule. This includes Tinea corporis (body), Tinea cruris (groin), and Tinea capitis (scalp).
  • Fungal nail infection (onychomycosis): A common fungal infection affecting the toenails or fingernails. Manifests as deformed nails.

When to Refer (Fungal Infections)

  • Severe infections that spread beyond the initial location.
  • Signs of bacterial infection (e.g., weeping, pus, yellow crusts).
  • Failure to respond to treatment within the expected timescale.
  • Patients with known conditions (e.g., diabetes) or discomfort/distress.
  • Involvement of toenails.

Management (Fungal Infections)

  • Most cases are effectively managed with over-the-counter (OTC) products.
  • Advice on reducing transmission risk (e.g., good foot hygiene, keeping feet dry).
  • Topical preparations (e.g., allylamines, imidazoles, undecenoic acid, tolnaftate) are more effective than placebo.

Cold Sores

  • Cold sores (herpes labialis) are caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), usually HSV type 1.
  • Cold sores occur most commonly on the lips or face, but lesions in the mouth or near the eye warrant medical referral.

When to refer (cold sores)

  • Babies and young children.
  • Cold sores that fail to resolve.
  • Severe or worsening cold sores.
  • Frequent recurring cold sores.
  • Painless cold sores.
  • Cold sores lasting longer than 2 weeks
  • Cold sores affecting the eye.
  • Uncertain diagnosis
  • Immunocompromised patient
  • Pregnancy

Management (cold sores)

  • Antiviral creams that reduce healing time and discomfort (e.g., acyclovir, penciclovir) are often recommended. Treatment should begin at the early stage of the infection (prodromal phase).
  • Analgesics (e.g., paracetamol, ibuprofen) to manage pain.
  • Moisturizers (e.g., lip balm) to prevent dryness and cracking.

Scabies

  • Scabies is an intensely itchy skin infestation caused by the human parasite Sarcoptes scabiei.
  • Itching is typically worse at night, and scratching can lead to secondary infections (e.g., impetigo).
  • Areas commonly infested include fingers, toes, wrists, armpits, nipples, buttocks, and genital area.

When to refer (scabies)

  • Babies and young children.
  • Crusted scabies.
  • Scabies outbreaks in institutions.
  • Scabies that isn’t resolving.

Management (scabies)

  • Permethrin cream is a first-line treatment for scabies.
  • Malathion lotion is another treatment option, used in specialized cases (elderly or young children).
  • Treatment should be applied to the entire body, and the affected areas/body should be monitored for signs of negative reactions to the treatment.
  • Itchiness after treatment can last for several weeks following treatment and may require secondary treatments (e.g. crotamiton).
  • Family members/household members require treatment simultaneously, regardless of showing symptoms, as it can develop unknowingly.

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Description

This quiz explores the common skin condition known as acne, encompassing its causes, types, and prevalence among adolescents. Learn about the factors that contribute to acne formation, the differences between non-inflammatory and inflammatory acne, and common treatment options. Perfect for anyone looking to deepen their understanding of skin health!

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