Skin Care Product Chemistry and Ingredients

Questions and Answers

How do synthetic ingredients compare to ingredients derived from nature?

They can be just as effective and may have certain advantages, such as no use of pesticides or not leaving an ecological footprint.

What does the FDA do?

Regulates cosmetics only in the areas of safety, labeling, and the claims made for a product; do not require approval of cosmetics before their manufacture or sale.

How must ingredients be listed on cosmetic labels?

In descending order of predominance, starting with the highest concentration and ending with the lowest concentration.

When should a product not be used?

There is any reaction within 24 hours. Signup and view all the answers

How should products be stored to make them last longer?

In dark containers in cool temperatures. Signup and view all the answers

What are cosmeceuticals intended to do?

Improve the skin's health and appearance. Signup and view all the answers

What are the main types of surfactants used in skin-cleansing products?

Detergents. Signup and view all the answers

What type of color agent is not subject to FDA batch certification requirements?

Noncertified colors. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an inorganic physical substance?

Titanium Dioxide. Signup and view all the answers

What is titanium dioxide?

An inorganic sunscreen that reflects UVA and UVB. Signup and view all the answers

Where are noncertified colors obtained from?

Mineral, plant or animal sources. Signup and view all the answers

What do emulsifiers cause to mix in order to form an emulsion?

Oil and water. Signup and view all the answers

What do emollients do?

Lubricate the skin's surface. Signup and view all the answers

What are emulsifiers?

Surfactants that cause oil and water to mix to form an emulsion. Signup and view all the answers

What are emollients?

Fatty materials used to lubricate and moisturize the skin. Signup and view all the answers

What do silicones do?

Act as vehicles for spreading in some products, including makeup. Signup and view all the answers

What are carbomers used for?

Thickening creams and frequently used in gel products. Signup and view all the answers

What products coat the skin and reduce friction?

Lubricants. Signup and view all the answers

What element turns a fatty acid into a fatty alcohol?

Hydrogen. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the fattiest and healthiest plant oils?

Coconut oil. Signup and view all the answers

What type of ingredient is used to improve the hydration, plumpness and smoothness of the skin?

Lipids. Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to ingredients used to dissolve keratin proteins on the surface of the skin?

Enzymes. Signup and view all the answers

What are Alpha Hydroxy Acids (AHA) and Beta Hydroxy Acids (BHA) commonly used as?

Exfoliants. Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of ingredients that are used to adjust the pH of products?

Sodium hydroxide and citric acid. Signup and view all the answers

What do glycoproteins do?

Enhance moisture content, immune response, and cellular metabolism, which boosts cellular oxygen intake. Signup and view all the answers

What are glycoproteins derived from?

Yeast. Signup and view all the answers

Fragrances do what?

Give products their scent. Signup and view all the answers

Where in the body are alpha-lipoic acids found?

Every cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is a delivery system?

Chemical systems that deliver ingredients to specific areas of the epidermis. Signup and view all the answers

Green tea, caviar, and retinol are known to be beneficial for what type of skin?

Mature skin. Signup and view all the answers

Benzoyl peroxide is primarily used for treating what?

Acne. Signup and view all the answers

Licorice is what?

Anti-inflammatory agent. Signup and view all the answers

What are the benefits of green tea?

UV protection, anti-aging, antibacterial, anti-irritant, anti-inflammatory, brightening, soothing, enhances photoprotection. Signup and view all the answers

An astringent is a type of what?

Toner. Signup and view all the answers

A cream is a type of what?

Cleanser. Signup and view all the answers

A freshener is a type of what?

Toner. Signup and view all the answers

A gel is a type of what?

Cleanser. Signup and view all the answers

A lotion is a type of what?

Cleanser. Signup and view all the answers

A tonic is a type of what?

Toner. Signup and view all the answers

Nonsetting masks are designed to do what?

Stay moist and more hydrating. Signup and view all the answers

Setting masks do what?

Harden and contain ingredients which dry and provide a complete barrier on top of the skin. Signup and view all the answers

Alginate masks do what?

Form a seal that encourages the skin's absorption of the serum or cream underneath; come in powder form and are mixed with water or serums, and dry to form a rubberized texture. Signup and view all the answers

Modelage masks are what?

Thermal masks that contain crystals of gypsum, and reach approx. 105 degrees F. Signup and view all the answers

Paraffin masks are what?

Wax masks used to warm the skin and promote penetration of ingredients deeper into the skin through heat trapped. Signup and view all the answers

Clay masks do what?

Draw impurities to the surface of the skin as it dries and tightens. Signup and view all the answers

What type of toner has a higher alcohol content?

Astringent. Signup and view all the answers

What are astringents?

Toners formulated for oily or acne-prone skin that may contain hydroxy acids and various amounts of alcohol; liquids used to remove excess oil from the skin. Signup and view all the answers

What are fresheners?

Alcohol-free toners that contain botanicals and hydrators to soothe the skin. Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to a detergent-type 'foaming' cleanser?

Cleansing gel. Signup and view all the answers

What are cleansing gels?

Water-based foaming cleansers that are generally the most popular type of cleanser and may be formulated for all skin types. Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to skin-freshening lotions with a low alcohol content?

Fresheners. Signup and view all the answers

What is an ampoule?

A small, sealed vial containing a single, premeasured application. Signup and view all the answers

How often should moisturizers be used at home?

Twice daily. Signup and view all the answers

What homecare product should be used on a weekly basis?

Masks. Signup and view all the answers

What are eye creams formulated to do?

Maintain healthy skin around the area which has the most delicate skin on the entire body. Signup and view all the answers

What are the benefits of using moisturizers and hydrators?

Balancing the oil-water content of the skin, nourishing skin through ingredients, protecting skin from the elements. Signup and view all the answers

Treatment creams are also known as what?

Nourishing creams. Signup and view all the answers

How often should clients exfoliate at home?

Depends on skin type or condition and manufacturers instructions. Signup and view all the answers

SPF is based on what?

Time; how long the product will protect you from UVB rays. Signup and view all the answers

SPF 15 blocks what percent of UVB rays?

93%. Signup and view all the answers

SPF 30 blocks what percent of UVB rays?

97%. Signup and view all the answers

SPF 50 blocks what percent of UVB rays?

98%. Signup and view all the answers

What are self-tanning lotions formulated with?

Dihydroxyacetone (DHA). Signup and view all the answers

What is dihydroxyacetone (DHA)?

An ingredient that reacts with the proteins (keratin) on the surface cells of the skin and turns them darker. Signup and view all the answers

What are cosmetics?

Articles that are intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or otherwise applied to the human body or any part thereof for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering appearance. Signup and view all the answers

What are moisturizers?

Products formulated to add moisture to the skin. Signup and view all the answers

What are cleansers?

Soaps or detergents that clean the skin. Signup and view all the answers

Define natural.

All natural, terms often used in marketing for skin care products and ingredients derived from natural sources. Signup and view all the answers

Define organic.

Term used to describe natural-sourced ingredients that are grown without the use of pesticides or chemicals. Signup and view all the answers

What is lanolin?

Emollient with moisturizing properties; also an emulsifier with high water-absorption capabilities. Signup and view all the answers

Define vegan.

A product that does not contain any animal ingredients or animal by-products. Signup and view all the answers

Define cruelty-free.

Term used to describe products that are not tested on animals at any stage of the production process; nor are any of its ingredients tested on animals. Signup and view all the answers

What are the benefits of lavender?

Antiallergenic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antibacterial, balancing, energizing, soothing, and healing. Signup and view all the answers

Define fragrance-free.

Indicates that no other ingredients have been added to a product to specifically provide a fragrance; however, it may already contain ingredients that have a scent. Signup and view all the answers

Define hypoallergenic.

Refers to ingredients or products that may be less likely to cause allergic reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What are the properties of urea?

Enhancing the penetrative abilities of other substances; anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and deodorizing action that protects the skin's surface and helps maintain healthy skin. Signup and view all the answers

What are functional ingredients?

Ingredients in cosmetic products that allow the products to spread, give them body and texture, and give them a specific form such as a lotion, cream or gel. Signup and view all the answers

What are unscented products?

Products formulated to have no smell; because most ingredients in a formulation do have an odor, more ingredients have to be added to neutralize the smell. Signup and view all the answers

What do fragrances do?

Give products their scent. Signup and view all the answers

What are performance ingredients?

Ingredients in cosmetic products that cause the actual changes in the appearance of the skin. Signup and view all the answers

What is zinc oxide?

Mineral physical sunscreen ingredient that reflects UVA and UVB rays; also used to protect, soothe, and heal the skin; is somewhat astringent, antiseptic and antimicrobial. Signup and view all the answers

Define anhydrous.

Describes products that do not contain any water. Signup and view all the answers

What are lipids?

Fats or fat-like substances; help repair and protect the barrier function of the skin. Signup and view all the answers

What is liquid paraffin?

Emollient ingredient derived from petroleum sources. Signup and view all the answers

What is palm oil?

Derived from the oil palm tree; one of the fattiest and heaviest oils used as an emollient. Signup and view all the answers

What is hemp seed oil?

Derived from hemp seeds, very light botanical oil used as an emollient. Signup and view all the answers

What do lubricants do?

Coat the skin and reduce friction. Signup and view all the answers

What are fatty acids?

Emollients; lubricant ingredients derived from plant oils or animal fats. Signup and view all the answers

What are detergents?

Type of surfactants used as cleansers in skin-cleansing products. Signup and view all the answers

What are fatty esters?

Emollients produced from fatty acids and alcohols. Signup and view all the answers

What are fatty alcohols?

Emollients; fatty acids that have been exposed to hydrogen. Signup and view all the answers

What are vehicles?

Spreading agents and ingredients that carry or deliver other ingredients into the skin and make them more effective. Signup and view all the answers

What are delivery systems?

Systems that deliver ingredients to specific tissues of the epidermis. Signup and view all the answers

What are polymers?

Chemical compounds formed by combining a number of small molecules (monomers) into long chain-like structures; advanced vehicles that release substances onto the skin's surface at a microscopically controlled rate. Signup and view all the answers

What are liposomes?

Closed-lipid bilayer spheres that encapsulate ingredients, target their delivery to specific tissues of the skin, and control their release. Signup and view all the answers

What are parabens?

One of the most commonly used groups of preservatives in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industries; provide bacteriostatic and fungistatic activity against diverse organisms. Signup and view all the answers

What are preservatives?

Chemical agents that inhibit the growth of microorganisms in cosmetic formulations; they kill bacteria and prevent products from spoiling. Signup and view all the answers

What is methylparaben?

One of the most frequently used preservatives because of its very low sensitizing potential; combats bacteria and molds; noncomedogenic. Signup and view all the answers

What is Quaternium-15?

All-purpose preservative active against bacteria, mold, and yeast. Probably the greatest formaldehyde-releaser among cosmetic preservatives; may cause dermatitis and allergies. Signup and view all the answers

What are essential oils?

Oils derived from herbs; have many different properties and effects on the skin and psyche. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Skin Care Product Chemistry and Ingredients

Synthetic vs. Natural Ingredients: Synthetic ingredients can match the effectiveness of natural ones, often without pesticides or ecological impact.
FDA Role: Regulates cosmetics in terms of safety, labeling, and claims, but does not mandate pre-market approval.
Ingredient Listing: Ingredients must be listed on labels in descending order based on concentration.
Product Usage Caution: Discontinue use if any skin reaction occurs within 24 hours.
Storage Tips: Preserve product longevity by keeping them in dark, cool containers.

Types of Ingredients and Their Functions

Cosmeceuticals: Designed to enhance skin health and appearance.
Surfactants: Primary type used in skin cleansers are detergents.
Color Agents: Noncertified colors are not subject to FDA batch certification; sourced from minerals, plants, or animals.
Emulsifiers: Allow oil and water to mix, creating emulsions vital for product consistency.
Emollients: Provide surface lubrication and moisture to skin.

Skin Treatment and Enhancements

Silicones: Serve as spreading agents in products, notably in makeup.
Carbombers: Used to thicken creams and gel formulations.
Lipids: Enhance skin hydration and improve texture.
Enzymes: Dissolve keratin proteins, aiding in skin texture.
Exfoliants: Includes Alpha Hydroxy Acids (AHA) and Beta Hydroxy Acids (BHA) to remove dead skin cells.

Moisturizers, Hydrators, and Protective Products

Moisturizers: Balance skin's oil-water content and nourish against environmental damage.
SPF Categories: Products with SPF 15, 30, and 50 block 93%, 97%, and 98% of UVB rays, respectively.
Self-Tanning Use: Formulated with Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) which reacts with skin proteins.
Cleansers: Varieties include gels, lotions, and creams, with specific formulations for different skin types.

Specialty and Functional Products

Masks: Various types, including nonsetting (hydrating), clay (draw impurities), and alginate (seal for absorption).
Toners: Different types exist, such as fresheners (alcohol-free) and astringents (higher alcohol), tailored for skin type.
Eye Creams: Specifically formulated for delicate skin around eyes, maintaining skin health.

Definitions and Classifications

Organic Ingredients: Sourced without pesticides, noted for their eco-friendliness.
Vegan Products: Contain no animal-derived ingredients.
Cruelty-Free: Products not tested on animals in any process.
Essential Oils: Herbal oils offering various effects on skin and overall well-being.

Preservatives and Their Importance

Preservatives: Essential for inhibiting microbial growth in cosmetic products.
Parabens: Common preservatives offering broad-spectrum antimicrobial protection.
Quaternium-15: Effective against bacteria, but may cause allergic reactions.

Special Ingredients and Properties

Urea: Enhances other ingredients' absorption while providing anti-inflammatory properties.
Zinc Oxide: Acts as a mineral sunscreen while healing and soothing skin.
Polymers and Liposomes: Advanced delivery systems for controlled ingredient release.

Usage and Frequency Guide

Home Care: Moisturizers recommended to be used twice daily; masks suggested weekly for enhanced skin treatment.
Exfoliation Frequency: Based on skin type and manufacturer guidelines.

These notes encapsulate key points regarding skin care product chemistry, function of ingredients, their effects, and the importance of preservation and storage.

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Description

Explore the chemistry behind skin care products, focusing on synthetic versus natural ingredients and their effectiveness. Learn about the FDA's role in regulation, the importance of proper ingredient listing, and tips for safe product usage and storage. This quiz will deepen your understanding of various cosmetic functionalities and ingredient types.