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Questions and Answers
What type of membrane is the skin classified as?
Which layer of a serous membrane is responsible for lining the inside wall of the cavity?
In which type of membranes might you find a combination with underlying connective tissue?
What is one of the functions of synovial membranes?
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What is the primary function of keratin as it accumulates in keratinocytes?
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What characteristic differentiates mucous membranes from serous membranes?
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Which physiological response occurs during hyperthermia?
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What substances are primarily eliminated through perspiration?
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What is the primary role of Vitamin D produced in the skin?
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Which type of burn affects only the epidermis?
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Which cancer type is characterized by its ability to spread throughout the body?
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What is the most common type of cancer?
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Which nerve ending is responsible for detecting temperature and pain?
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What is the primary function of keratinocytes in the epidermis?
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Which layer of the skin is primarily responsible for providing strength and elasticity?
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What type of gland is primarily responsible for regulating body temperature through sweat?
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What characterizes apocrine glands as compared to eccrine glands?
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What causes skin pigmentation, particularly in freckles and moles?
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Which receptors are responsible for the sensation of touch in the skin?
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Which factor determines the variation of melanin in the skin?
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What is the primary composition of nails?
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What is the role of phagocytes in the skin?
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What structure in the dermis helps to nourish the epidermis?
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Study Notes
Membranes
- Two major groups: epithelial membranes and connective tissue membranes
- Epithelial membranes include cutaneous membranes, mucous membranes, and serous membranes
- Connective tissue membranes include synovial membranes
- All epithelial membranes have a covering or lining function
- Cutaneous membranes make up the skin
- Mucous membranes line body cavities opening to the exterior (respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive tracts)
- Serous membranes line body cavities closed to the exterior (thoracic or abdominal cavities)
Skin
- The skin is the body's largest organ
- Weighs about 10 pounds
- Covers a surface area of 20 square feet
- Composed of two layers: epidermis and dermis
Epidermis
- Superficial layer of the skin
- Composed of stratified squamous epithelium in 5 zones
- 20-50 layers thick
- Avascular: cells receive nutrients through diffusion of fluids from the dermis
Epidermis Cell Types
- Keratinocytes: make up 90% of epidermal cells, produce the protein keratin, toughen cells, and make them water-resistant
- Melanocytes: Produce melanin, a pigment that protects skin from UV radiation, found in the lower layer of the epidermis
- Langerhans cells: Immune cells that help fight off infection
- Merkel cells: Touch receptors that detect light touch
Dermis
- Deeper layer of the skin
- Gives skin strength and elasticity
- Contains blood vessels, sweat glands, oil glands, nerve endings, and hair follicles
- Two regions: Papillary layer and Reticular layer
Papillary Layer
- Superficial layer of the dermis
- Borders the epidermis
- Contains dermal papillae, which hold the epidermis and dermis together
- Contains capillary loops that nourish the epidermis
- Contains pain receptors (free nerve endings) and touch receptors (Meissner's corpuscles)
Reticular Layer
- Deeper layer of the dermis
- Contains blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, and deep pressure receptors (Pacinian corpuscles)
- Contains phagocytes, which help prevent bacteria from penetrating deeper into the body
Skin Appendages
- Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands: eccrine and apocrine types; eccrine is most common and widely distributed; ducts release sweat through pores
- Sebaceous (Oil) Glands: Produce sebum, a skin & hair lubricant; ducts empty into hair follicles
- Hair & Hair Follicles: Hair grows from the root in the hair follicle; consists of tightly packed keratinocytes; melanocytes provide hair color.
- Nails: Sheets of hardened keratinocytes; reinforce and protect distal ends of fingers and toes; nail matrix produces new growth
Skin Functions
- Protection: Barrier against mechanical, chemical, and bacterial damage, and desiccation
- Temperature Control: Sweat evaporation cools the body, blood vessels constrict or relax to regulate blood flow and heat transfer.
- Excretion: Sweat eliminates urea, uric acid, ammonia, and lactic acid.
- Vitamin D Production: Modified cholesterol molecules in the skin are converted into Vitamin D by sunlight. Used for calcium absorption and immunity.
- Detection of Stimuli: Nerve endings detect temperature, pain, light touch, and deep pressure.
Skin Injuries
-
Burns: classified by degree of tissue destruction
- First-degree: Epidermis only (red and swollen)
- Second-degree: Epidermis and upper dermis (red with blisters)
- Third-degree: All skin layers destroyed (gray-white or black)
Skin Cancer
- Benign: Non-spreading encapsulated tumor
- Malignant: Metastasizes (moves) to other parts of the body
- Skin Cancer: Most common type of cancer
Melanoma
- Most deadly type of skin cancer
- Cancer of melanocytes
- Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of skin and membranes in this quiz. Learn about the different types of epithelial and connective tissue membranes, as well as the structure and function of the skin layers, including the epidermis. Test your knowledge on this essential topic in health and anatomy.
