Skin Aging: Intrinsic vs. Photoaging

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Questions and Answers

What are the two main types of aging mentioned in the text?

Intrinsic and extrinsic aging

Which process leads to a loss of structural integrity and physiological function of the skin?

Extrinsic aging

What is another term for photoaging as mentioned in the text?

Sun-induced aging

What is the result of both intrinsic aging and photoaging?

Progressive loss of skin's integrity and function Signup and view all the answers

What type of changes occur in the skin as a natural consequence of biological changes over time?

Structural changes Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes intrinsic aging visually?

Fine wrinkles Signup and view all the answers

What determines intrinsic aging according to the text?

Genetics and hormonal changes Signup and view all the answers

Why is intrinsic aging considered unavoidable according to the text?

It represents the biological effect of time on the skin Signup and view all the answers

What histological change occurs in the skin over time?

Thickening of the epidermis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main histological effect of aging on the skin?

Gradual reduction in collagen Signup and view all the answers

Which histological change occurs in the outer layer of the skin as a result of aging?

Decreased hyperkeratosis Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the amount of collagen in the skin as a part of the aging process?

It decreases gradually Signup and view all the answers

Which histological change is NOT associated with aging of the skin?

Increased number of melanocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of epidermal and dermal atrophy in aging skin?

Shortening of telomere DNA Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is most prominently affected by the aging process in the skin?

Langerhans cells Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to hyperkeratosis in aging skin?

Epidermal and dermal atrophy Signup and view all the answers

What are the major risks associated with aged skin according to the text?

Vascular complications, lack of elasticity, and increased risk for premalignant lesions Signup and view all the answers

What are the main intrinsic skin aging risk factors mentioned in the text?

Anatomical skin sites variations, gender, and hormonal changes Signup and view all the answers

What does the synergy of intrinsic aging and photoaging produce according to the text?

Deterioration of the cutaneous barrier Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of intrinsic aging and photoaging during the life span according to the text?

Deterioration of the cutaneous barrier and increased risk for premalignant lesions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of photo-damaged skin?

Increased collagen production Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the changes occurring in the skin from repetitive exposure to UV of the sunlight?

Photoaging Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a histological change associated with photoaging?

Yellowing and pigmentation disorders Signup and view all the answers

What type of lesions are mentioned as a symptom of photo-damaged skin?

Premalignant lesions Signup and view all the answers

What is the main histological change in the dermis of photoaged skin?

Accumulation of abnormal elastic fibers and loss of collagen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of the alteration in the dermal extracellular matrix in photo-aged skin?

UV-mediated damage to elastic fibers and fibroblasts Signup and view all the answers

Which type of skin aging is characterized by massive accumulation of abnormal elastic fibers and loss of collagen?

Photoaging Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the alteration in the dermis of photoaged skin?

UV-mediated damage to elastic fibers and fibroblasts Signup and view all the answers

What skin cells are predominantly affected by shorter-wavelength UVB light?

Keratinocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which skin cells can UVA light interact with, due to its ability to penetrate deeper?

Keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts Signup and view all the answers

What cells absorb UV light to protect skin cells from exposure to UV radiation?

Melanin-pigmented cells Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the skin are predominantly affected by longer-wavelength UVA light?

Dermis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism of action for UVB light?

Interaction with DNA, provoking DNA damage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a general term for oxygen-derived species mentioned in the text?

Superoxide anion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of ROS mentioned in the text?

Generation of DNA damage Signup and view all the answers

Which type of light can also generate ROS, but mainly acts through interaction with DNA?

UVA light Signup and view all the answers

What is the enzymatic system involved in skin's antioxidant defense mechanism?

Catalase, superoxide dismutases, and glutathione peroxidase Signup and view all the answers

What can an increase of ROS cause in the skin's antioxidant defense mechanism?

Oxidative stress and potential tissue damage Signup and view all the answers

Which compounds can be obtained from the diet as antioxidants for the skin?

Vitamins and polyphenolic compounds Signup and view all the answers

What will a depletion of the antioxidant system lead to in the skin?

Oxidative stress and potential tissue damage Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of erythema triggered by inflammation after sun exposure?

Delayed and prolonged vasodilatation Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested to reduce erythema provoked by UV irradiation?

Intake of antioxidants or anti-inflammatory compounds Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the effects of prolonged UV exposure in the skin?

Passage of lymphocytes and macrophages Signup and view all the answers

What was indicated to be involved in reducing the erythema provoked by UV irradiation?

Intake of antioxidants or anti-inflammatory compounds Signup and view all the answers

How does the FDA categorize 'cosmeceuticals'?

As a type of cosmetic product with misleading advertising Signup and view all the answers

What is the misconception associated with the term 'cosmeceutical' in cosmetic advertising?

It suggests that the product is similar to a pharmaceutical without testing Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern about the use of the term 'cosmeceutical' in cosmetic advertising?

It indicates a high level of efficacy and safety similar to pharmaceuticals Signup and view all the answers

Why does the FDA warn against the use of the term 'cosmeceutical' in cosmetic advertising?

To prevent misleading consumers about the product's nature Signup and view all the answers

Which category of cosmetic preparation is specifically mentioned as a treatment for stretch marks and wrinkles?

Retinoids Signup and view all the answers

What type of agents are mentioned to be involved in surface-smoothing in the context of cosmetic preparation for antiaging?

α- and β-Hydroxy Acids Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is mentioned as a treatment for antiaging and is known for its antioxidant properties?

Antioxidants Signup and view all the answers

What type of cream is used as an antiwrinkle cream in the context of cosmetic preparation for antiaging?

A Stretch-Mark Cream Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is mentioned in the text as a classical moisturizer for treating dryness in photo-aged skin?

Hyaluronic acid Signup and view all the answers

What type of peptides are suggested as moisturizers recently in the text?

Amino acid sequence mimicking peptides Signup and view all the answers

What is proposed to increase the lipophilic character for better percutaneous absorption in moisturizers?

Small polypeptides with long side chains Signup and view all the answers

Which substance, suggested in the text, can be used to reduce erythema provoked by UV irradiation?

Pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid and salts (PCA) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of hyaluronic acid (HA) in the body?

Providing skin structure and hydration Signup and view all the answers

Which benefit is NOT associated with hyaluronic acid (HA) as mentioned in the text?

Antioxidant protection Signup and view all the answers

In which type of creams and serums is hyaluronic acid (HA) commonly involved?

Anti-aging creams and serums Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hyaluronic acid (HA) when included in moisturizer creams and serums?

Improving skin hydration and texture Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of hyaluronic acid (HA) in the body?

Providing skin structure and hydration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) mentioned in the text?

Damaging the skin's antioxidant defense mechanism Signup and view all the answers

What are the benefits associated with hyaluronic acid (HA) as mentioned in the text?

Anti-aging, Moisturizing Signup and view all the answers

What type of agents are involved in surface-smoothing in the context of cosmetic preparation for anti-aging?

Surface-smoothing silicone derivatives Signup and view all the answers

What is the main side effect of topical application of retinoic acid mentioned in the text?

Erythema, scaling, and pruritis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hyaluronic acid (HA) when included in moisturizer creams and serums?

Reducing erythema provoked by UV irradiation Signup and view all the answers

What is another term for photoaging as mentioned in the text?

Actinic aging Signup and view all the answers

What determines intrinsic aging according to the text?

Endogenous factors and genetic predisposition Signup and view all the answers

What must happen to retinol and retinal for them to become active transretinoic acid in the skin?

They must be metabolized in the skin Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential issue with incorporating retinol and retinal in cosmetic preparations?

Slow oxidation of retinol over time Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of current research on molecules with antiaging properties mentioned in the text?

Improving stability and delivery systems Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of new delivery systems and derivatives of retinol mentioned in the text?

To solve the problem of stability of the preparations Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of incorporating retinol and retinal in cosmetic preparations?

To increase the stability of the preparations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of α- and β-Hydroxy Acids in cosmetic treatments?

To remove the superficial epidermal layers of the skin and provide a younger appearance Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of new delivery systems and derivatives of retinol in cosmetic preparations?

To solve the problem of stability of these preparations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of α- and β-Hydroxy Acids at lower concentrations in cosmetic treatments?

To provide a younger appearance through exfoliation and rejuvenation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an important antioxidant for skin in the text?

Vitamin D Signup and view all the answers

What is the main histological change in the dermis of photoaged skin?

Decrease in elastin content Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hyaluronic acid (HA) when included in moisturizer creams and serums?

Attracting and retaining moisture Signup and view all the answers

What type of light can also generate ROS, but mainly acts through interaction with DNA?

UVB light Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following plant antioxidants has been reported to have great antioxidant activity in skin care formulation?

Resveratrol in seeds of grape Signup and view all the answers

What was indicated regarding the efficacy of soybean extract against photoaging?

It indicates the promise of the soya isoflavones Signup and view all the answers

Which plant extract was mentioned to have effects on the clinical and histological appearance of photoaging skin?

Green tea extract Signup and view all the answers

What has been recently investigated with promising results, according to the text?

Plant antioxidants Signup and view all the answers

Which compound from red grapes is reported to have great antioxidant activity in skin care formulations?

Resveratrol Signup and view all the answers

What was the promising effect of soybean extract mentioned in the text?

Prevention of photoaging Signup and view all the answers

What has been reported about the topical use of resveratol in skin care formulation?

Is associated with great antioxidant activity Signup and view all the answers

What have the literature reported about the effects of green tea extracts?

Improving the clinical and histological appearance of photoaging skin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of UV filters in antiaging creams and lotions?

To absorb radiation and reflect light for protection against photoaging Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of epidermal and dermal atrophy in aging skin?

Prolonged UV exposure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) mentioned in the text?

Histological changes associated with aging of the skin Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the changes occurring in the skin from repetitive exposure to UV of the sunlight?

Photoaging Signup and view all the answers

What is the rationale of antiaging efficacy of plant extracts based on, according to the text?

Folk medicine, general anecdotic or subjective information, and double-blind, vehicle-controlled antiaging treatments Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor determining the intrinsic aging according to the text?

Genetic factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of hyaluronic acid (HA) in the body?

Maintaining tissue hydration and lubrication Signup and view all the answers

Why is intrinsic aging considered unavoidable according to the text?

Because it is mainly determined by genetic factors Signup and view all the answers

Which plant extract is commonly used in cosmetics and is known for its antioxidant properties?

Aleurits moluccana Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Ginkgo biloba in cosmetic preparations?

Antioxidant properties Signup and view all the answers

Which algae is mentioned as having potential antiaging properties?

Fucus vesiculosus Signup and view all the answers

What substance is suggested for treating dryness in photo-aged skin as a classical moisturizer?

Aloe vera Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Types of Aging

Two main types of aging: intrinsic aging and photoaging
Intrinsic aging: natural process of aging caused by biological changes over time
Photoaging: premature aging caused by repetitive exposure to UV radiation

Intrinsic Aging

Leads to loss of structural integrity and physiological function of the skin
Characterized by fine wrinkles, age spots, and dry skin
Determined by genetics
Considered unavoidable due to natural biological changes

Histological Changes

Histological change in the skin over time: reduction of collagen and elastin
Main histological effect of aging on the skin: loss of collagen and elastin
Histological change in the outer layer of the skin: thickening of the stratum corneum

Photoaging

Another term: solar elastosis
Main histological change in the dermis of photoaged skin: massive accumulation of abnormal elastic fibers and loss of collagen
Caused by repetitive exposure to UV radiation

Skin Cells

Cell type most prominently affected by aging: keratinocytes
Cell type affected by shorter-wavelength UVB light: epidermal keratinocytes
Cell type affected by longer-wavelength UVA light: dermal fibroblasts

UV Radiation

UVB light: causes erythema and inflammation
UVA light: generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and interacts with DNA
Main mechanism of action for UVB light: causes erythema and inflammation

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

General term: oxygen-derived species
Primary effect: causes oxidative stress and damage to skin cells
Can be generated by UV radiation and other factors

Antioxidant Defense

Enzymatic system involved: antioxidant enzymes
Compounds that can be obtained from the diet: vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, and polyphenols
Depletion of antioxidant system: leads to increased oxidative stress and damage to skin cells

Cosmeceuticals

FDA categorization: neither a cosmetic nor a pharmaceutical
Misconception: implies that a product has drug-like effects
Main concern: lack of regulation and misuse of the term

Cosmetic Preparations

Type of agents involved in surface-smoothing: alpha-hydroxy acids, beta-hydroxy acids, and retinol
Compound with antioxidant properties: resveratrol
Type of cream used as an antiwrinkle cream: retinol cream
Substance used to reduce erythema provoked by UV irradiation: hyaluronic acid
Primary function of hyaluronic acid: retains moisture in the skin

Plant Extracts

Example: soybean extract, reported to have great antioxidant activity
Example: green tea extract, reported to have anti-inflammatory effects
Example: resveratrol, reported to have great antioxidant activity

Skin Aging: Intrinsic vs. Photoaging

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Questions and Answers

What are the two main types of aging mentioned in the text?

Which process leads to a loss of structural integrity and physiological function of the skin?

What is another term for photoaging as mentioned in the text?

What is the result of both intrinsic aging and photoaging?

What type of changes occur in the skin as a natural consequence of biological changes over time?

What characterizes intrinsic aging visually?

What determines intrinsic aging according to the text?

Why is intrinsic aging considered unavoidable according to the text?

What histological change occurs in the skin over time?

What is the main histological effect of aging on the skin?

Which histological change occurs in the outer layer of the skin as a result of aging?

What happens to the amount of collagen in the skin as a part of the aging process?

Which histological change is NOT associated with aging of the skin?

What is the main cause of epidermal and dermal atrophy in aging skin?

Which cell type is most prominently affected by the aging process in the skin?

What contributes to hyperkeratosis in aging skin?

What are the major risks associated with aged skin according to the text?

What are the main intrinsic skin aging risk factors mentioned in the text?

What does the synergy of intrinsic aging and photoaging produce according to the text?

What is the result of intrinsic aging and photoaging during the life span according to the text?

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of photo-damaged skin?

What is the term used to describe the changes occurring in the skin from repetitive exposure to UV of the sunlight?

Which of the following is a histological change associated with photoaging?

What type of lesions are mentioned as a symptom of photo-damaged skin?

What is the main histological change in the dermis of photoaged skin?

What is the primary cause of the alteration in the dermal extracellular matrix in photo-aged skin?

Which type of skin aging is characterized by massive accumulation of abnormal elastic fibers and loss of collagen?

What contributes to the alteration in the dermis of photoaged skin?

What skin cells are predominantly affected by shorter-wavelength UVB light?

Which skin cells can UVA light interact with, due to its ability to penetrate deeper?

What cells absorb UV light to protect skin cells from exposure to UV radiation?

Which layer of the skin are predominantly affected by longer-wavelength UVA light?

What is the main mechanism of action for UVB light?

Which of the following is a general term for oxygen-derived species mentioned in the text?

What is the primary effect of ROS mentioned in the text?

Which type of light can also generate ROS, but mainly acts through interaction with DNA?

What is the enzymatic system involved in skin's antioxidant defense mechanism?

What can an increase of ROS cause in the skin's antioxidant defense mechanism?

Which compounds can be obtained from the diet as antioxidants for the skin?

What will a depletion of the antioxidant system lead to in the skin?

What is the main cause of erythema triggered by inflammation after sun exposure?

What is suggested to reduce erythema provoked by UV irradiation?

What is one of the effects of prolonged UV exposure in the skin?

What was indicated to be involved in reducing the erythema provoked by UV irradiation?

How does the FDA categorize 'cosmeceuticals'?

What is the misconception associated with the term 'cosmeceutical' in cosmetic advertising?

What is the main concern about the use of the term 'cosmeceutical' in cosmetic advertising?

Why does the FDA warn against the use of the term 'cosmeceutical' in cosmetic advertising?

Which category of cosmetic preparation is specifically mentioned as a treatment for stretch marks and wrinkles?

What type of agents are mentioned to be involved in surface-smoothing in the context of cosmetic preparation for antiaging?

Which compound is mentioned as a treatment for antiaging and is known for its antioxidant properties?

What type of cream is used as an antiwrinkle cream in the context of cosmetic preparation for antiaging?

Which of the following substances is mentioned in the text as a classical moisturizer for treating dryness in photo-aged skin?

What type of peptides are suggested as moisturizers recently in the text?

What is proposed to increase the lipophilic character for better percutaneous absorption in moisturizers?

Which substance, suggested in the text, can be used to reduce erythema provoked by UV irradiation?

What is the main role of hyaluronic acid (HA) in the body?

Which benefit is NOT associated with hyaluronic acid (HA) as mentioned in the text?

In which type of creams and serums is hyaluronic acid (HA) commonly involved?

What is the primary function of hyaluronic acid (HA) when included in moisturizer creams and serums?

What is the main role of hyaluronic acid (HA) in the body?

What is the primary effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) mentioned in the text?

What are the benefits associated with hyaluronic acid (HA) as mentioned in the text?

What type of agents are involved in surface-smoothing in the context of cosmetic preparation for anti-aging?

What is the main side effect of topical application of retinoic acid mentioned in the text?

What is the primary function of hyaluronic acid (HA) when included in moisturizer creams and serums?

What is another term for photoaging as mentioned in the text?

What determines intrinsic aging according to the text?

What must happen to retinol and retinal for them to become active transretinoic acid in the skin?

What is a potential issue with incorporating retinol and retinal in cosmetic preparations?

What is the focus of current research on molecules with antiaging properties mentioned in the text?

What is the purpose of new delivery systems and derivatives of retinol mentioned in the text?

What is the purpose of incorporating retinol and retinal in cosmetic preparations?

What is the primary purpose of α- and β-Hydroxy Acids in cosmetic treatments?

What is the role of new delivery systems and derivatives of retinol in cosmetic preparations?

What is the primary purpose of α- and β-Hydroxy Acids at lower concentrations in cosmetic treatments?

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an important antioxidant for skin in the text?