Skeletal Tissues: Fractures and Bone Structure

Skeletal Tissues: Fractures and Bone Structure

• A fracture in the diaphysis is a break in the shaft of a bone.
• Endosteum lines the medullary cavity.
• Muscle tendon fibers attach to bone by interlacing with the periosteum.
• The organic matrix of bone consists of collagenous fibers, protein, and polysaccharides.
• Osteoblasts produce the organic matrix in bone formation.
• Osteoclasts are responsible for active erosion of bone minerals.
• Bones primarily function in mineral storage, protection, and hematopoiesis.
• Endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus synthesize organic matrix substances in bone formation.
• The osteon, or Haversian system, delivers nutrients to and removes waste products from bone cells.

Bone Formation: Intramembranous Ossification and Hematopoiesis

• Appositional growth in intramembranous ossification refers to the addition of an outside layer of osseous tissue on flat bones.
• Hematopoiesis takes place in the red bone marrow.
• The primary ossification center of a long bone resides in the diaphysis.
• The major role of the epiphyseal plate is to lengthen long bones.
• The first step in healing a fracture is the formation of a fracture hematoma.
• Bone loss typically exceeds bone gain between the ages of 35 and 40.
• The medullary cavity enlarges in bone growth due to the activity of osteoclasts.

Cartilage and Bone Matrix

• Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant type of cartilage.
• The external ear's form is composed of elastic cartilage.
• Vitamin A and protein deficiency in young children causes a decrease in the thickness of epiphyseal plates in growing long bones.
• Collagen is not part of the inorganic matrix of bone.
• As osteoblast activity increases, the level of calcium in the blood decreases, while the amount of calcium in bone increases.
• As osteoclast activity increases, the level of calcium in the blood increases.
• Sesamoid bones are classified as irregular bones.
• The diaphysis is hollow and composed of compact bone.
• The epiphyses are made of spongy bone and contain red bone marrow.
• Blood clotting, nerve impulse transmission, and cardiac muscle contraction depend on the proper amount of calcium ions in the blood.
• Parathyroid hormone actions do not include stimulation of osteoblast activity.
• Canals linking blood vessels and cells are present in bone but not in cartilage.
• The external ear is not made of hyaline cartilage.
• The tip of the nose is not made of elastic cartilage.
• All types of bones (long, short, irregular) are composed of both compact and spongy bone.
• Cancellous bone is another term for spongy bone.
• The humerus is an example of a long bone.
• A vertebral bone is classified as an irregular bone.
• Tarsal bones are examples of short bones.
• The scapula is an example of a flat bone.
• The matrix of bone consists mostly of inorganic salts with a lesser amount of organic material.
• Hydroxyapatite crystals make up about 85% of the total inorganic matrix.
• Rickets results from vitamin D deficiency in children.
• Lengthwise-running central canals are connected by transverse-running Volkmann canals.
• As calcitonin levels in the blood increase, the amount of calcium in the blood decreases.
• A person with a diet rich in calcium would likely have both low levels of parathyroid hormone and high levels of calcitonin.
• Sesamoid bone is found in a tendon.
• Concentric, cylinder-shaped layers of calcified bone matrix are called lamellae.
• The small spaces in the matrix containing bone cells are called lacunae.
• Diploë is found in the middle of spongy bone.
• The proliferating zone is the second layer in the epiphyseal plate.
• The zone of hypertrophy is the third layer in the epiphyseal plate.
• Bones act as a reservoir for calcium and phosphorus.
• Canaliculi represents small tubes in the osteon that bring nutrients and oxygen to the osteocytes.

Axial vs. Appendicular Skeleton

• The clavicle is not part of the axial skeleton.
• Parietal bones are not part of the appendicular skeleton.
• The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones.
• The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones.
• A sinus is a cavity within a bone.
• A rib is part of the axial skeleton.
• The scapula is part of the appendicular skeleton.
• The lambdoid suture lies between the occipital and parietal bones.
• Mastoiditis is the inflammation of a sinus within the temporal bone.
• The occipital bone articulates with the first vertebra.
• The ethmoid bone makes up the upper parts of the nasal septum and side walls of the nasal cavity.
• The ethmoid bone is irregular, lying anterior to the sphenoid but posterior to the nasal bones.
• The mandible does not articulate with the maxillae.
• Damage to the cribriform plate carries the chance of infectious materials passing from the nose to the brain.
• A fontanel is an unossified area in an infant’s skull.
• The manubrium is the upper part of the sternum.
• The neck's skeletal framework consists of cervical vertebrae.
• 12 represents the number of thoracic vertebrae.
• All vertebrae except the sacrum and coccyx have a central opening called the vertebral foramen.
• The thoracic cage/thorax doesn't contain the scapula.
• The frontal bone is not part of the face,.
• The zygomatic bone does not contain paranasal sinuses.
• The occipital bone forms four joints with other bones.
• The maxillary bone has the largest of the paranasal sinuses.
• The zygomatic bone, also known as the malar bone.
• The sequence of the vertebral column from superior to inferior is cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccyx.
• The dens furnishes the axis for the rotation of the head from side to side.
• The adult skeleton has 206 bones.
• The bones of the middle ear are part of the axial skeleton.
• The mandible and vomer are the two unpaired facial bones.
• The palatine bone makes up part of the hard palate.
• The hyoid is the only bone in the body that does not articulate with another bone.
• The dens is part of the cervical vertebrae.
• There are seven true pairs of ribs in the body.
• The maxilla acts as the keystone for the face.
• The spinous process, vertebral foramen, and dens are associated with the vertebral column.
• The blunt cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum is called the xiphoid process.
• Floating ribs articulate with the vertebrae.
• The term fossa defines a depression in a bone, often receiving an articulating bone.
• The term ramus defines a curved portion of the bone.
• The term trochanter defines a large bump for the attachment of muscles.
• The term foramen defines a round hole in the bone through which vessels and nerves can pass.
• The frontal bone makes up the forehead and the anterior part of the calvaria.
• The parietal bones comprise the bulging top side of the cranium.
• Temporal bones make up the lower side of the cranium and part of its floor.
• The mandible forms the only movable joint in the skull with the temporal bone.
• The lacrimal bone is almost paper-thin, shaped and sized like a fingernail and lies posterior and lateral to each nasal bone.
• The eye, muscles of the eye, and lacrimal apparatus are found in the eye orbit.
• The fetal skull has fontanels, and the face is a greater part of the skull in the adult.
• The body of the sternum lies between the manubrium and the xiphoid process.
• Thoracic and sacral curvatures are defined as posterior convex curvatures of the spine.
• A newborn’s spine forms a continuous convex curve called a primary curvature.

Appendicular Skeleton: Bones and Features

• The collarbone is a layman's term for the clavicle.
• The trochlea and capitulum are distal portions of the humerus.
• The human hand has greater dexterity due to the freely movable joint of the thumb.
• The ulna articulates proximally with the humerus.
• Metacarpal bones form the framework of the hand.
• The pisiform bone can be found in the wrist.
• The false pelvis is the structure above the pelvic inlet, bordered by muscle in the front and bone along the sides and back.
• The pubis forms the anterior of the pelvic girdle.
• During childbirth, a baby passes through an imaginary plane called the pelvic outlet.
• The longest and heaviest bone in the body is the femur.
• A person with a fractured patella would expect discomfort in the knee.
• The scaphoid is not a tarsal bone.
• The pubic arch in the male is less than a 90-degree angle, the pelvic cavity is narrower in the male, and the coccyx is less flexible in the male.
• The bones of the upper extremity, going from proximal to distal, are the humerus, radius, carpals, and metacarpals.
• The bones of the lower extremity, going from proximal to distal, are the femur, tibia, tarsals, and metatarsals.
• After age 50, bone density slowly decreases due to a shift in remodeling activity.
• An inadequate supply of calcium and vitamin D, mechanical stress, and age contribute to skeletal variations.

Articulations: Classifications and Movements

• The structural classification of joints centers around the type of connective tissue that joins the bones together.
• Symphyses are not an example of a fibrous joint.
• Gomphoses represent unique joints between a tooth's root and the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla.
• Synovial joints are the most movable in the body.
• Synovial articulations have a joint capsule structurally.
• Synarthrosis is considered an immovable joint in terms of function.
• A condyloid joint exemplifies a biaxial joint.
• The ball and socket joint allows for the widest range of movement.
• Menisci are pads of fibrocartilage located between the articulating ends of bones in some diarthroses.
• Menisci are fibrocartilage pads.
• Interphalangeal joints are examples of hinge joints.
• The knee joint exemplifies a hinge joint.
• The head of the radius articulating with the ulna exemplifies a pivot joint.
• The distal end of the radius articulating with the carpal bones exemplifies a condyloid (ellipsoidal) joint.
• A condyloid joint represents a biaxial joint.
• A gliding joint exemplifies a multiaxial joint.
• The ball and socket joint allows for the most movement.
• Moving a body part away from the medial plane constitutes abduction.
• Extending represents how kicking a football is accomplished .
• Moving a part of the body forward comprises protraction.
• Extension, increasing the angle between body parts.
• Stretching the foot down and back to point the toe comprises Plantar flexion.
• Circumduction represents the movement when the head is dropped to the shoulder, then to the chest, to the other shoulder, and toward the back.
• Tilting the foot upward, decreasing the angle between the top of the foot and the front of the leg, is called dorsiflexion.
• The rotator cuff muscles and tendons form a cufflike arrangement around the shoulder.
• Vertebral bodies are connected together by the posterior longitudinal ligament.
• The knee, largest and most frequently injured joint.
• Deterioration of the nucleus pulposus results in a "slipped disk."
• Rotator cuff surgery indicates significant stress on the shoulder.
• The glenoid labrum comprises a fibrocartilage that increases the depth of the glenoid cavity.
• Inflammation of the prepatellar bursa is indicated by the condition of "housemaid’s knee".
• Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory joint disorder.
• Sutures are located in the skull only.
• Gomphoses are located in the mandible, maxilla, and both.
• Synchondroses have hyaline cartilage between articulating bones in a joint and are immovable joints.
• The occipital bone fitting into the atlas bone exemplifies Condyloid joint .
• The subacromial ligament isn't part of the hip joint.
• The ligamenta flava is located in none of the joints listed.
• The shape of the articulating surfaces of the bones influences the type of movement possible at a synovial joint.
• The opposite of dorsiflexion is plantar flexion.
• Eversion does not have a direct opposite among the options listed.
• A sprain affects Ligaments
• The joint between the distal ends of the radius and ulna exemplifies a Syndesmosis
• The periodontal membrane is associated with Gomphosis
• A Symphysis joint joins the two pubic bones together.
• Bursae, joint cavity and Menisci characterize a synovial joint.
• Saddle joints are located between the thumb metacarpal and the trapezium in the wrist.
• Bursae is defined as a closed, pillowlike structure filled with synovial fluid.
• Ligaments are defined by structures of a synovial joint as a strong cord of dense, white, fibrous connective tissue.
• The olecranon bursa is associated with the elbow joint.
• A goniometer reading of zero indicates that the joint is in the anatomical position.