Podcast
Questions and Answers
The human skeletal system consists of approximately ______ bones in adults.
The human skeletal system consists of approximately ______ bones in adults.
206
Ligaments serve to connect ______ to ______.
Ligaments serve to connect ______ to ______.
bone, bone
The primary function of the skeleton is to provide ______ for the body.
The primary function of the skeleton is to provide ______ for the body.
support
Compact bone can withstand ______ and provides support and protection.
Compact bone can withstand ______ and provides support and protection.
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The production of blood cells is known as ______.
The production of blood cells is known as ______.
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Sinuses help to lighten the ______ and amplify the voice.
Sinuses help to lighten the ______ and amplify the voice.
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The rib cage provides protection to the ______ and ______.
The rib cage provides protection to the ______ and ______.
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The skeletal system serves as a reserve of ______ salts.
The skeletal system serves as a reserve of ______ salts.
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Ossification begins about ______ weeks after fertilization.
Ossification begins about ______ weeks after fertilization.
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Vitamin ______ is vital for calcium metabolism.
Vitamin ______ is vital for calcium metabolism.
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In adults, about ______% of bone is remodeled every year.
In adults, about ______% of bone is remodeled every year.
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Intramembranous ossification forms the flat bones of the ______.
Intramembranous ossification forms the flat bones of the ______.
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Endochondral ossification involves the replacement of ______ cartilage.
Endochondral ossification involves the replacement of ______ cartilage.
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Cells of the periosteum develop into ______ that produce additional bony matrix.
Cells of the periosteum develop into ______ that produce additional bony matrix.
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A thin layer of epiphyseal cartilage remains, separating ______ and diaphysis.
A thin layer of epiphyseal cartilage remains, separating ______ and diaphysis.
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Bone loss can occur if a person is on crutches for several ______.
Bone loss can occur if a person is on crutches for several ______.
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The ______ skeleton forms the longitudinal axis of the body and contains 80 bones.
The ______ skeleton forms the longitudinal axis of the body and contains 80 bones.
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The ______ skeleton contains 126 bones and forms the limbs and attachment sites.
The ______ skeleton contains 126 bones and forms the limbs and attachment sites.
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The male pelvis is characterized by a narrower and less flared shape, with a pelvic inlet that is ______ or heart-shaped.
The male pelvis is characterized by a narrower and less flared shape, with a pelvic inlet that is ______ or heart-shaped.
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Adult female pelvises usually exhibit a round pelvic inlet and a pubic arch angle that is greater than ______ degrees.
Adult female pelvises usually exhibit a round pelvic inlet and a pubic arch angle that is greater than ______ degrees.
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Joints occur where two bones ______.
Joints occur where two bones ______.
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The primary functions of joints include holding bones together, bearing weight, and allowing for ______.
The primary functions of joints include holding bones together, bearing weight, and allowing for ______.
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Synarthrosis joints are characterized as ______ and consist of bones joined by fibrous tissue.
Synarthrosis joints are characterized as ______ and consist of bones joined by fibrous tissue.
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Osteoclasts erode some of the inner surface of the ______ cavity, leading to an increase in size.
Osteoclasts erode some of the inner surface of the ______ cavity, leading to an increase in size.
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The sutures of the skull are classified as ______ joints.
The sutures of the skull are classified as ______ joints.
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At birth, the skull has fontanelles, which allow for movement during the ______ canal.
At birth, the skull has fontanelles, which allow for movement during the ______ canal.
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The large anterior fontanelle typically closes by ______ years of age.
The large anterior fontanelle typically closes by ______ years of age.
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The posterior fontanelle usually closes by ______ months of age.
The posterior fontanelle usually closes by ______ months of age.
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Amphiarthrosis refers to joints that are ______ movable.
Amphiarthrosis refers to joints that are ______ movable.
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Diarthrosis joints are classified as ______ movable joints.
Diarthrosis joints are classified as ______ movable joints.
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The hinge joint allows for ______ movement.
The hinge joint allows for ______ movement.
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The ellipsoidal joint permits movement both back and forth and side to ______.
The ellipsoidal joint permits movement both back and forth and side to ______.
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The ______ is the shaft of the bone, where the medullary cavity is located.
The ______ is the shaft of the bone, where the medullary cavity is located.
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The end of the bone is known as the ______.
The end of the bone is known as the ______.
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The thin layer of cartilage that decreases friction at joints is called ______.
The thin layer of cartilage that decreases friction at joints is called ______.
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The ______ lines the marrow cavity and is active during bone growth and remodeling.
The ______ lines the marrow cavity and is active during bone growth and remodeling.
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The ______ is where red blood cells are produced and is found in the medullary cavity of children.
The ______ is where red blood cells are produced and is found in the medullary cavity of children.
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Osteoblasts are also known as the ______ because they produce new bone.
Osteoblasts are also known as the ______ because they produce new bone.
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The giant cells that dissolve bony matrix are called ______.
The giant cells that dissolve bony matrix are called ______.
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The most abundant cells in bone, which assist in recycling calcium salts, are called ______.
The most abundant cells in bone, which assist in recycling calcium salts, are called ______.
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Study Notes
Skeletal System Overview
- Skeleton comprises about 20% of body mass.
- Adults have 206 bones; infants have about 270 bones which fuse into 206.
- Ligaments connect bone to bone, while cartilage reduces friction at joints.
Functions of the Skeletal System
- Support: Provides structural framework for the body and attachment for tissues.
- Storage: Serves as a reserve for calcium salts and lipids stored in yellow marrow.
- Blood Cell Production: Known as hematopoiesis, occurs in red marrow producing red and white blood cells, and platelets.
- Protection: Bones protect vital organs (e.g., pelvis protects reproductive organs, ribs protect heart/lungs, skull protects the brain).
- Leverage: Involved in changing magnitude and direction of muscle forces.
Bone Structure and Histology
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Types of Bone Tissue:
- Compact bone offers strength, support, and protection.
- Spongy bone (cancellous) contains a network of rods making skeleton lighter.
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Bone Components:
- Diaphysis (shaft) contains compact bone; epiphysis (ends) contains spongy bone.
- Periosteum covers outer surface; endosteum lines marrow cavity.
- Medullary cavity holds bone marrow, yellow in adults and red in children.
Cells in Bone
- Osteoblasts: Bone builders that produce new bone matrix and promote calcium deposition.
- Osteoclasts: Giant cells responsible for bone resorption and releasing minerals.
- Osteocytes: Mature bone cells that recycle calcium salts and assist in repairs.
Bone Development and Growth
- Ossification: Process of bone formation begins around 6 weeks post-fertilization and concludes around age 25.
- Requirements for Growth: Needs minerals (especially calcium), vitamins D, A, C, and various hormones for proper development.
- Bone Remodeling: About 18% of bone structure is remodeled yearly to adapt to stresses; exercise strengthens bones while inactivity can weaken them.
Types of Ossification
- Intramembranous Ossification: Bone develops from fibrous membranes, forming flat bones of the skull and clavicle.
- Endochondral Ossification: Bone replaces hyaline cartilage, primarily responsible for forming most bones.
Axial and Appendicular Skeletons
- Axial Skeleton: Comprises 80 bones along body’s longitudinal axis, supports/protects organs (includes skull, vertebrae, ribs).
- Appendicular Skeleton: Contains 126 bones forming limbs and their attachments, including pectoral and pelvic girdles.
Male vs. Female Pelvis
- Male pelvis is narrower with an oval or heart-shaped inlet; pubic arch angle is less than 90 degrees.
- Female pelvis is broader with a round inlet; pubic arch angle is greater than 90 degrees.
Articular System (Joints)
- Joints are articulations where two bones meet, aiding in stability and mobility.
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Types of Joints:
- Synarthrosis: Immovable fibrous joints (e.g., skull sutures).
- Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable cartilaginous joints (e.g., pubic symphysis).
- Diarthrosis: Freely movable synovial joints (e.g., knee, elbow).
Types of Joint Movements
- Gliding Joints: Allow sliding movements (e.g., carpal bones).
- Hinge Joints: Permit back and forth motion (e.g., elbows, knees).
- Pivot Joints: Enable rotation (e.g., between first two cervical vertebrae).
- Condoid Joints: Allow movement in two directions (e.g., wrist joints).
Aging and the Skeletal System
- Aging affects bone density and strength, potentially leading to conditions like osteoporosis.
- Regular exercise can mitigate some impacts of aging on the skeletal system.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the skeletal system, including its functions, bone structure, and growth. This quiz covers important topics such as axial and appendicular skeletons and the differences between male and female pelvises. Perfect for anyone studying anatomy and physiology.
