Podcast
Questions and Answers
How many vertebrae are found in the cervical region of the vertebral column?
How many vertebrae are found in the cervical region of the vertebral column?
Which bones are considered the floating ribs?
Which bones are considered the floating ribs?
What does the appendicular skeleton primarily consist of?
What does the appendicular skeleton primarily consist of?
What is the primary role of the sternum?
What is the primary role of the sternum?
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Which component is not part of the axial skeleton?
Which component is not part of the axial skeleton?
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What is the basic unit of the skeleton that provides structure and support?
What is the basic unit of the skeleton that provides structure and support?
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Which of the following bones is included in the pelvic girdle?
Which of the following bones is included in the pelvic girdle?
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Which bones make up the shoulder girdle?
Which bones make up the shoulder girdle?
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What distinguishes long bones from other types of bones?
What distinguishes long bones from other types of bones?
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The primary function of flat bones includes which of the following?
The primary function of flat bones includes which of the following?
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What types of bones primarily provide support and stability with minimal movement?
What types of bones primarily provide support and stability with minimal movement?
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Pneumatic bones have which defining feature?
Pneumatic bones have which defining feature?
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The bones of the wrist can be categorized as which type of bone?
The bones of the wrist can be categorized as which type of bone?
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Where are sesamoid bones typically found?
Where are sesamoid bones typically found?
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Which of the following correctly describes the role of the skeletal system?
Which of the following correctly describes the role of the skeletal system?
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What type of bones surround the spinal cord?
What type of bones surround the spinal cord?
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Which of the following types of muscle is not striated?
Which of the following types of muscle is not striated?
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What is the role of a synergist in muscle action?
What is the role of a synergist in muscle action?
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In muscle attachments, the more proximal attachment point is known as the?
In muscle attachments, the more proximal attachment point is known as the?
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Which of the following describes a muscle that has three heads?
Which of the following describes a muscle that has three heads?
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Which group of muscles is responsible for moving the upper limbs?
Which group of muscles is responsible for moving the upper limbs?
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What action does an antagonist perform during a muscular contraction?
What action does an antagonist perform during a muscular contraction?
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Study Notes
Skeletal System
- The skeletal system is made of bones, cartilages, joints and ligaments
- The average adult skeleton has 206 bones
- Bones can be paired (e.g. ribs, hip bone) or unpaired (e.g. sternum)
- The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
- The appendicular skeleton includes bones of the upper and lower limbs and their girdles
The Skull
- The skull contains the cranium and the mandible (facial bones)
- The cranium contains the brain
The Vertebral Column
- The vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae and intervertebral discs
- There are 5 regions of vertebrae:
- Cervical (7)
- Thoracic (12)
- Lumbar (5)
- Sacral (5 fused…Sacrum)
- Coccygeal (3-5 fused… coccyx)
The Ribs
- There are 12 pairs of ribs connected to the sternum via costal cartilages
- The last 2 ribs are called floating ribs
The Sternum
- The sternum, thoracic vertebrae, ribs and costal cartilages form the thoracic cage, which protects the heart and lungs
The Upper Limbs
- The upper limb bones include:
- Clavicle
- Scapula
- Humerus
- Ulna
- Radius
- Bones of the hand include the phalanges (bones of the fingers), metacarpals and carpals (bones of the wrist)
- The thumb has proximal and distal phalanges
- The shoulder girdle is made of the clavicle and scapula
The Lower Limbs
- The lower limb bones include:
- Hip bone
- Femur
- Patella
- Tibia
- Fibula
- The bones of the foot include phalanges (bones of the toes), metatarsals, and tarsals
- The big toe (medial) has proximal and distal phalanges
- The pelvic girdle is formed of the hip bones
Bone Types
-
Long bones are hard and dense, providing strength and mobility, they feature a shaft (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphysis)
- Examples include: Femur, Humerus, Radius & Ulna
-
Short bones are wide and short, providing support and stability
- Examples include: carpal and tarsal bones
- Flat bones provide protection (e.g. skull bones, sternum) and muscular attachment (e.g.scapula & ribs)
-
Irregular bones have unique shapes
- Examples include: facial bones, vertebrae, and hip bone
-
Pneumatic bones contain air-filled spaces, making the skull lighter
- Examples include: some skull bones
-
Sesamoid bones are found in tendons, protecting them from excessive wear and tear
- Example: patella
Functions of the Skeleton:
- Supports and allows body movement
- Protects vital organs
- Contains bone marrow
- Stores calcium, magnesium and other salts
Muscles
- Skeletal muscles are striated, voluntary and form the main bulk of the body (about 50% of body weight)
- Smooth muscles are non-striated, involuntary, and found in the walls of viscera (e.g. GIT)
- Cardiac muscles are striated, involuntary and found in the heart
- Skeletal muscles attach to bone (or sometimes to non-skeletal structures like skin, fascia, or other muscles)
- Skeletal muscle fibers are arranged in bundles
- Muscle attachments can be classified as origin (more proximal, less movable bone) and insertion (distal, more movable bone)
- Muscle action describes the movement that occurs when the more mobile bone moves toward the more stable bone during contraction
Muscle Groups
- Muscles of the head and neck
- Muscles of the trunk
- Muscles of the upper limbs
- Muscles of the lower limbs
Muscle Actions
- Prime mover (agonist) is the muscle that produces the desired action of the movement
- Synergist assists the agonist
- Antagonist opposes the agonist, restoring the original position
- Stabilizers keep bones immobile
Muscle Names
- Naming of muscles is descriptive and can be based on:
- Size: magnus, major, minor, longus, brevis
- Shape: deltoid (triangular), teres (cylindrical)
- Orientation of fibers: rectus, oblique, transverse
- Action: adductor, flexor, extensor, supinator
- Number of heads: bi (two), tri (three), quad (four)
- Attachments: sternocmastoid
- Specific features: serratus (toothed)
- Location: abdominis, femoris, pectoralis
Functions of Skeletal Muscles:
- Enable movement of the body
- Maintain body posture
- Support and stabilize bones
- Generate heat
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Description
Test your knowledge on the skeletal system, including its components such as bones, cartilages, and joints. This quiz covers the axial and appendicular skeleton, along with details about the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. Perfect for students studying anatomy!
