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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of bones?
The process of bone formation is known as ______.
ossification
What are the two main parts of the skeleton?
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
Which bones are considered part of the axial skeleton?
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Flat bones are generally cube-shaped and contain mostly spongy bone.
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What type of cells are osteocytes?
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The inner space of a long bone that contains bone marrow is known as the ______.
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What is the primary role of osteoclasts?
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Study Notes
Functions of the Skeletal System
- Provides shape, support, and framework for the body.
- Protects internal organs from injury and damage.
- Stores minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, and salts.
- Assists in hematopoiesis, the formation of blood cells in bone marrow.
- Facilitates muscle attachment, enabling movement.
- Allows for movement through articulations at joints.
Types of Skeleton
- Axial Skeleton: Comprises 80 bones including the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum; forms the body's longitudinal axis.
- Appendicular Skeleton: Comprises 126 bones including the shoulder girdle, arms, hands, pelvic girdle, legs, and feet; connects limbs to the axial skeleton.
Classification of Bones
- Compact Bone: Dense structure, smooth and homogenous.
- Spongy Bone: Has a spiky, open appearance resembling a sponge.
Bone Shapes
- Long Bones: Longer than wide, examples include limbs.
- Flat Bones: Thin, flattened, usually curved, e.g., skull and sternum.
- Short Bones: Cube-shaped, mainly spongy bone, e.g., wrist and ankle bones.
- Irregular Bones: Do not fit into other categories, e.g., vertebrae and pelvic bones.
Anatomy of a Long Bone
- Epiphysis: Ends of long bones.
- Epiphyseal Plate: Flat plate of hyaline cartilage.
- Diaphysis: Shaft of the bone, primarily compact bone, covered by periosteum.
- Periosteum: Outer covering of the bone.
- Medullary Cavity: Inner space containing bone marrow.
- Endosteum: Lining of the medullary cavity.
Bone Markings
- Projections: Outgrowths from the bone surface for muscle or ligament attachment.
- Depressions/Cavities: Indentations that allow for blood vessels and nerves to pass.
Microscopic Anatomy
- Osteocytes: Mature bone cells located in lacunae, formed in concentric circles (lamellae) around central canals (Haversian canals).
- Osteons: Structural units comprised of osteocytes and central canals.
- Canaliculi: Tiny canals that connect lacunae to Haversian canals.
- Perforating Canals: Also called Volkmann’s canals, link blood vessels and nerves.
Bone Formation and Remodeling
- Ossification: Process of bone formation from cartilage.
- Osteoblasts: Bone-building cells active during growth.
- Osteoclasts: Bone-resorbing cells that break down bone tissue.
- Bones remodel continuously in response to blood calcium levels and physical stress from gravity and muscle pull.
Healing of Bone Fractures
- Bone fractures undergo specific stages in healing, adapting to restore normal strength and integrity following injury.
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Description
This quiz covers the key aspects of the skeletal system, including the differentiation of bones and their functions in maintaining body structure and enabling movement. Students will also learn to identify various bones within the skeletal framework and their roles in protection, support, storage, and blood cell formation.
