Skeletal System Functions and Disorders

Questions and Answers

Which symptom is characterized by increased size of extremities?

Nervousness and sweating

Reduction of pain and swelling

Spontaneous fractures

Large hands and feet (correct)

What practice is essential for good performance in the final exam?

Studying only with peers

Focusing solely on textbook readings

Note-taking during class sessions (correct)

Cramming all information the night before

Which of the following actions may help in managing exam stress?

Studying without breaks

Avoiding all forms of exercise

Eating well and resting well (correct)

Procrastinating until the last minute

What is a common symptom that involves unexpected bone breaks?

Spontaneous fractures Signup and view all the answers

Which module covers fundamental concepts related to the central nervous system?

Module 10: Fundamentals of the Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential tip for answering exam questions effectively?

Read the questions carefully Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT advised for exam preparation?

Ignoring revision until a few hours before Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the course learning outcomes regarding nursing situations?

Apply broad health knowledge to various nursing scenarios Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of yellow bone marrow in the body?

It acts as an energy reserve by storing fat. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the lengthening of bones during childhood and adolescence?

There is a growth plate present in each epiphysis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

It enhances the activity of osteoclasts to release calcium. Signup and view all the answers

Osteoporosis is primarily associated with imbalances in which two types of bone cells?

Osteoclasts and osteoblasts Signup and view all the answers

In which locations are you most likely to find synovial joints?

Between the pelvis and femur Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is accurate regarding fibrous joints?

They become sutures in adulthood. Signup and view all the answers

What component is essential for the structure of ligaments?

Connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are specifically responsible for the formation of new bone tissue?

Osteoblasts Signup and view all the answers

Which structure connects the left and right sides of the cerebrum?

Corpus callosum Signup and view all the answers

What do excitatory neurotransmitters primarily do?

Stimulating depolarization of postsynaptic neurons Signup and view all the answers

What causes vesicles in the axon bulb to release neurotransmitters during synaptic transmission?

Ca2+ influx Signup and view all the answers

What are axon terminals typically referred to as?

Bulbs Signup and view all the answers

Where are olfactory receptors primarily located?

Upper part of nasal passages Signup and view all the answers

How are different pitched sounds discriminated?

Hair cells in specific regions of the cochlea Signup and view all the answers

Which structure senses rotational movement of the head and body?

Semicircular canals Signup and view all the answers

What impairment results from the absence of otoliths in the inner ear?

Sense of head position Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in relation to the pituitary gland?

Controlling the release of hormones from the pituitary gland Signup and view all the answers

Which structure serves as a connector between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

Infundibulum Signup and view all the answers

What type of hormones does the hypothalamus directly influence the release of from the pituitary gland?

Peptide hormones Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary gland?

Via releasing and inhibiting hormones Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the posterior pituitary is true regarding the hypothalamic relationship?

It stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the axial skeleton?

Protecting and supporting vital organs Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone is described as having a complex shape and does not fit into any other category?

Irregular Bone Signup and view all the answers

What role do osteoblasts play in bone structure?

Forming new bone matrix Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage provides great tensile strength and is found in the menisci of the knee?

Fibrocartilage Signup and view all the answers

What process primarily increases the thickness of bones throughout life?

Appositional growth Signup and view all the answers

In bone repair, what does the term 'displaced fracture' refer to?

Bone ends are out of normal alignment Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mineral stored in bones that is crucial for various bodily functions?

Calcium Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structure of compact bone?

Haversian system Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes short bones?

Cube-shaped and stubby Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for lowering blood calcium levels by degrading bone matrix?

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the periosteum?

To supply nutrients and support Signup and view all the answers

During interstitial bone growth, what occurs to the epiphyseal plate?

It grows and maintains constant thickness. Signup and view all the answers

What term describes bone that is broken all the way through?

Complete fracture Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Skeletal System Overview

Accumulated clotted blood in tissues, or bruises, is usually visible as 'black and blue' marks and can resolve naturally unless infected.

Bone Functions

Provides body shape and structural support through a hard framework.
Protects soft organs from external forces.
Serves as levers for muscle movement.
Acts as a mineral reservoir, storing calcium and potassium.
Facilitates blood cell production within marrow cavities.

Skeletal Classification

The human skeleton consists of 206 bones, divided into two major groups:
- Axial Skeleton (80 bones): Includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, primarily for protection and support.
- Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones): Comprises upper and lower limbs, shoulders, and hips, mainly involved in locomotion and manipulation of the environment.

Bone Classification

Long Bones: Elongated shaft with two ends (e.g., femur, phalanges).
Short Bones: Cube-shaped and stubby (e.g., wrist bones, patella).
Flat Bones: Thin and slightly curved (e.g., skull, ribs, sternum).
Irregular Bones: Complex shapes not fitting into other categories (e.g., vertebrae, pelvis).

Skeletal Cartilage

Contains a high water component for resilience and outward resistance.
Types include:
- Hyaline Cartilage: Provides support and flexibility (e.g., in rib cage and joint surfaces).
- Elastic Cartilage: Contains elastin, found in the external ear and epiglottis.
- Fibrocartilage: Contains thick collagen, offering great tensile strength (e.g., menisci of knee, vertebral discs).

Bone Structure

Macrostructure:
- Diaphysis (shaft): Contains a thick exterior of compact bone and a central medullary cavity with marrow.
- Epiphyses (ends): Composed mainly of spongy bone.
- Periosteum: Dual-layer membrane covering surface, rich in blood and nerve supply.
Microstructure:
- Compact Bone: Comprised of osteons (Haversian systems) with canals for blood and nerve supply.
- Spongy Bone: Contains trabeculae aligned along stress lines, lamellae formed by osteocytes, and canaliculi for nutrient distribution.

Bone Composition

Matrix includes:
- Osteoid: Organic part, primarily collagen, offers flexibility.
- Mineral Salts: Inorganic components, such as calcium phosphate, providing durability.
Managed by different cells:
- Osteocytes: Mature bone cells.
- Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells that add to the matrix.
- Osteoclasts: Bone-degrading cells that remove matrix.
Hormonal regulation involves:
- Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): Increases blood calcium by degrading bone.
- Calcitonin: Decreases blood calcium by depositing calcium into bones.

Bone Growth and Repair

Appositional Growth: Increases bone thickness by matrix secretion under the periosteum while osteoclasts remove bone from the endosteal surface, allowing for thicker and stronger bones throughout life.
Interstitial Growth: Occurs in the presence of epiphyseal cartilage, with chondrocyte division and subsequent calcification and replacement of cartilage with spongy bone.

Bone Fractures

Classified based on:
- Position of bone ends: Non-displaced (normal alignment) vs. displaced (misaligned).
- Completeness: Complete (broken all the way) vs. incomplete.
- Skin penetration: Open (compound) vs. closed (simple).
Commonly arise from mechanical stress or trauma.

Study Tips for Final Exam

Complete the exam in two parts: multiple choice (15%) online and short answers (35%) on campus.
Review materials provided in Canvas, including lectures, tutorials, and quizzes.
Focus on key modules: Blood, Skeletal System, Muscular System, Nervous System, Endocrine System.
Eat and rest well leading up to the exam, manage time effectively, and answer all questions in your own words.

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Description

This quiz covers the skeletal system, focusing on bone composition, functions, and common disorders such as bruises and their monitoring. Learn how bones support, protect, and enable movement in the human body. It's essential for understanding anatomy and physiology in health sciences.