Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which symptom is characterized by increased size of extremities?
Which symptom is characterized by increased size of extremities?
- Nervousness and sweating
- Reduction of pain and swelling
- Spontaneous fractures
- Large hands and feet (correct)
What practice is essential for good performance in the final exam?
What practice is essential for good performance in the final exam?
- Studying only with peers
- Focusing solely on textbook readings
- Note-taking during class sessions (correct)
- Cramming all information the night before
Which of the following actions may help in managing exam stress?
Which of the following actions may help in managing exam stress?
- Studying without breaks
- Avoiding all forms of exercise
- Eating well and resting well (correct)
- Procrastinating until the last minute
What is a common symptom that involves unexpected bone breaks?
What is a common symptom that involves unexpected bone breaks?
Which module covers fundamental concepts related to the central nervous system?
Which module covers fundamental concepts related to the central nervous system?
What is an essential tip for answering exam questions effectively?
What is an essential tip for answering exam questions effectively?
Which of the following is NOT advised for exam preparation?
Which of the following is NOT advised for exam preparation?
What is one of the course learning outcomes regarding nursing situations?
What is one of the course learning outcomes regarding nursing situations?
What is the function of yellow bone marrow in the body?
What is the function of yellow bone marrow in the body?
Which factor contributes to the lengthening of bones during childhood and adolescence?
Which factor contributes to the lengthening of bones during childhood and adolescence?
What is the primary action of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
What is the primary action of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Osteoporosis is primarily associated with imbalances in which two types of bone cells?
Osteoporosis is primarily associated with imbalances in which two types of bone cells?
In which locations are you most likely to find synovial joints?
In which locations are you most likely to find synovial joints?
Which statement is accurate regarding fibrous joints?
Which statement is accurate regarding fibrous joints?
What component is essential for the structure of ligaments?
What component is essential for the structure of ligaments?
Which cells are specifically responsible for the formation of new bone tissue?
Which cells are specifically responsible for the formation of new bone tissue?
Which structure connects the left and right sides of the cerebrum?
Which structure connects the left and right sides of the cerebrum?
What do excitatory neurotransmitters primarily do?
What do excitatory neurotransmitters primarily do?
What causes vesicles in the axon bulb to release neurotransmitters during synaptic transmission?
What causes vesicles in the axon bulb to release neurotransmitters during synaptic transmission?
What are axon terminals typically referred to as?
What are axon terminals typically referred to as?
Where are olfactory receptors primarily located?
Where are olfactory receptors primarily located?
How are different pitched sounds discriminated?
How are different pitched sounds discriminated?
Which structure senses rotational movement of the head and body?
Which structure senses rotational movement of the head and body?
What impairment results from the absence of otoliths in the inner ear?
What impairment results from the absence of otoliths in the inner ear?
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in relation to the pituitary gland?
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in relation to the pituitary gland?
Which structure serves as a connector between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?
Which structure serves as a connector between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?
What type of hormones does the hypothalamus directly influence the release of from the pituitary gland?
What type of hormones does the hypothalamus directly influence the release of from the pituitary gland?
In what way does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary gland?
In what way does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary gland?
Which of the following statements about the posterior pituitary is true regarding the hypothalamic relationship?
Which of the following statements about the posterior pituitary is true regarding the hypothalamic relationship?
What is the primary function of the axial skeleton?
What is the primary function of the axial skeleton?
Which type of bone is described as having a complex shape and does not fit into any other category?
Which type of bone is described as having a complex shape and does not fit into any other category?
What role do osteoblasts play in bone structure?
What role do osteoblasts play in bone structure?
Which type of cartilage provides great tensile strength and is found in the menisci of the knee?
Which type of cartilage provides great tensile strength and is found in the menisci of the knee?
What process primarily increases the thickness of bones throughout life?
What process primarily increases the thickness of bones throughout life?
In bone repair, what does the term 'displaced fracture' refer to?
In bone repair, what does the term 'displaced fracture' refer to?
What is the main mineral stored in bones that is crucial for various bodily functions?
What is the main mineral stored in bones that is crucial for various bodily functions?
What is the primary structure of compact bone?
What is the primary structure of compact bone?
What characterizes short bones?
What characterizes short bones?
Which hormone is responsible for lowering blood calcium levels by degrading bone matrix?
Which hormone is responsible for lowering blood calcium levels by degrading bone matrix?
What is the primary function of the periosteum?
What is the primary function of the periosteum?
During interstitial bone growth, what occurs to the epiphyseal plate?
During interstitial bone growth, what occurs to the epiphyseal plate?
What term describes bone that is broken all the way through?
What term describes bone that is broken all the way through?
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Study Notes
Skeletal System Overview
- Accumulated clotted blood in tissues, or bruises, is usually visible as 'black and blue' marks and can resolve naturally unless infected.
Bone Functions
- Provides body shape and structural support through a hard framework.
- Protects soft organs from external forces.
- Serves as levers for muscle movement.
- Acts as a mineral reservoir, storing calcium and potassium.
- Facilitates blood cell production within marrow cavities.
Skeletal Classification
- The human skeleton consists of 206 bones, divided into two major groups:
- Axial Skeleton (80 bones): Includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, primarily for protection and support.
- Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones): Comprises upper and lower limbs, shoulders, and hips, mainly involved in locomotion and manipulation of the environment.
Bone Classification
- Long Bones: Elongated shaft with two ends (e.g., femur, phalanges).
- Short Bones: Cube-shaped and stubby (e.g., wrist bones, patella).
- Flat Bones: Thin and slightly curved (e.g., skull, ribs, sternum).
- Irregular Bones: Complex shapes not fitting into other categories (e.g., vertebrae, pelvis).
Skeletal Cartilage
- Contains a high water component for resilience and outward resistance.
- Types include:
- Hyaline Cartilage: Provides support and flexibility (e.g., in rib cage and joint surfaces).
- Elastic Cartilage: Contains elastin, found in the external ear and epiglottis.
- Fibrocartilage: Contains thick collagen, offering great tensile strength (e.g., menisci of knee, vertebral discs).
Bone Structure
-
Macrostructure:
- Diaphysis (shaft): Contains a thick exterior of compact bone and a central medullary cavity with marrow.
- Epiphyses (ends): Composed mainly of spongy bone.
- Periosteum: Dual-layer membrane covering surface, rich in blood and nerve supply.
-
Microstructure:
- Compact Bone: Comprised of osteons (Haversian systems) with canals for blood and nerve supply.
- Spongy Bone: Contains trabeculae aligned along stress lines, lamellae formed by osteocytes, and canaliculi for nutrient distribution.
Bone Composition
- Matrix includes:
- Osteoid: Organic part, primarily collagen, offers flexibility.
- Mineral Salts: Inorganic components, such as calcium phosphate, providing durability.
- Managed by different cells:
- Osteocytes: Mature bone cells.
- Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells that add to the matrix.
- Osteoclasts: Bone-degrading cells that remove matrix.
- Hormonal regulation involves:
- Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): Increases blood calcium by degrading bone.
- Calcitonin: Decreases blood calcium by depositing calcium into bones.
Bone Growth and Repair
- Appositional Growth: Increases bone thickness by matrix secretion under the periosteum while osteoclasts remove bone from the endosteal surface, allowing for thicker and stronger bones throughout life.
- Interstitial Growth: Occurs in the presence of epiphyseal cartilage, with chondrocyte division and subsequent calcification and replacement of cartilage with spongy bone.
Bone Fractures
- Classified based on:
- Position of bone ends: Non-displaced (normal alignment) vs. displaced (misaligned).
- Completeness: Complete (broken all the way) vs. incomplete.
- Skin penetration: Open (compound) vs. closed (simple).
- Commonly arise from mechanical stress or trauma.
Study Tips for Final Exam
- Complete the exam in two parts: multiple choice (15%) online and short answers (35%) on campus.
- Review materials provided in Canvas, including lectures, tutorials, and quizzes.
- Focus on key modules: Blood, Skeletal System, Muscular System, Nervous System, Endocrine System.
- Eat and rest well leading up to the exam, manage time effectively, and answer all questions in your own words.
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