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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of osteoporosis related to the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
What is the primary cause of osteoporosis related to the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
Which of the following is a significant factor in the prevention of osteoporosis?
Which of the following is a significant factor in the prevention of osteoporosis?
What hormonal change during menopause contributes to osteoporosis?
What hormonal change during menopause contributes to osteoporosis?
Why do women generally stop growing before men?
Why do women generally stop growing before men?
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What role do osteoblasts play in long bone development?
What role do osteoblasts play in long bone development?
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What primary role do osteoblasts play in bone structure?
What primary role do osteoblasts play in bone structure?
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Which type of connective tissue connects muscle to bones?
Which type of connective tissue connects muscle to bones?
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What is the primary function of osteoclasts in the skeletal system?
What is the primary function of osteoclasts in the skeletal system?
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Which part of a long bone contains yellow bone marrow?
Which part of a long bone contains yellow bone marrow?
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What mainly distinguishes compact bone from spongy bone?
What mainly distinguishes compact bone from spongy bone?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?
Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?
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Which type of cartilage is primarily found on the surfaces of bones to reduce friction at joints?
Which type of cartilage is primarily found on the surfaces of bones to reduce friction at joints?
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How does exercise impact bone structure?
How does exercise impact bone structure?
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What is the primary function of the ribs in the axial skeleton?
What is the primary function of the ribs in the axial skeleton?
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Which bones make up the pelvic girdle?
Which bones make up the pelvic girdle?
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What is the main function of calcitonin in the body?
What is the main function of calcitonin in the body?
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How does the female pelvis differ from the male pelvis?
How does the female pelvis differ from the male pelvis?
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At what approximate age do boys typically stop growing during puberty?
At what approximate age do boys typically stop growing during puberty?
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What type of joint is classified as immovable?
What type of joint is classified as immovable?
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What are intervertebral disks primarily made of?
What are intervertebral disks primarily made of?
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What occurs first in the healing process of a broken bone?
What occurs first in the healing process of a broken bone?
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What is the consequence of a herniated disk?
What is the consequence of a herniated disk?
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Which type of joint allows the greatest range of motion?
Which type of joint allows the greatest range of motion?
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What accompanies dislocations in joints?
What accompanies dislocations in joints?
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Which hormone is released when blood calcium levels are low?
Which hormone is released when blood calcium levels are low?
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Why does torn cartilage heal slowly?
Why does torn cartilage heal slowly?
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Which sections of the vertebral column are correctly matched with their locations?
Which sections of the vertebral column are correctly matched with their locations?
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How is the vertebral column related to spinal injuries?
How is the vertebral column related to spinal injuries?
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What is the primary role of the sinuses in the skull?
What is the primary role of the sinuses in the skull?
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Study Notes
Skeletal System: Connective Tissue
- Bones consist primarily of calcium crystals, and phosphate crystals, as well as collagen and elastin protein fibers.
- Cartilage contains collagen and elastin fibers.
- Ligaments connect bone to bone.
- Tendons connect muscle to bone.
- Both ligaments and tendons are dense, regular connective tissue.
- Collagen fibers run parallel; they tear if stress is applied perpendicular to their orientation.
- Sprains involve torn ligaments or tendons.
- Ice packs in the first day help reduce swelling; then heat can increase blood flow, enabling faster healing.
- Cartilage and tendons/ligaments heal slowly due to reduced blood supply.
Bone Functions
- Muscles attach to bones, and muscle contractions enable movement.
- Bones provide structural support and shape to the body.
- Bones protect internal organs (e.g., ribcage, skull, vertebrae).
- Bones create blood cells (e.g., red bone marrow in femur, humerus, sternum, coxal, vertebrae).
- Bones store calcium and help maintain its homeostasis in the blood.
- The smallest bones in the middle ear transmit sound vibrations.
Long Bone Parts
- Long bones consist of a shaft (diaphysis) and knobs (epiphyses).
- The exterior of a long bone is dense, compact bone.
- The central shaft cavity contains yellow bone marrow used for fat storage.
- The interior of the knobs is spongy bone (a calcium lattice).
- Spongy bone is lighter than compact bone, but not as strong.
- Red bone marrow in the knobs of the humerus and femur produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
- Hyaline cartilage on bone surfaces reduces friction at joints.
Bone Cells
- Chondroblasts create cartilage, including hyaline cartilage of the early fetal skeleton, and cartilage growth plates.
- Osteoblasts form solid bone and become trapped in bone spaces, where they transform into osteocytes to help maintain bone.
- Osteoclasts break down solid bone to support the remodeling and release calcium.
Structure of Bone
- Osteocytes maintain the solid bone.
- Nutrients and wastes diffuse between cells, and some cells are directly in contact with blood vessels.
- Spongy bone, with its calcium crystal lattice, is lighter than but not as strong as compact bone.
Bone Remodeling
- Bone remodeling changes bone shape, size, and strength.
- Osteoclasts dissolve bone, and osteoblasts deposit new bone.
- Puberty, particularly in women, can lead to remodeling of bone, such as the pelvis.
- Exercise helps remodel and strengthen bones.
- Pressure on bones can cause them to change shape and become stronger.
Osteoporosis
- Osteoporosis involves lower bone density and increased fracture risk.
- An imbalance between osteoclasts and osteoblasts leads to osteoporosis.
- Preventing osteoporosis, particularly in women, is essential.
- Estrogen helps increase osteoblast activity.
- Menopause reduces estrogen levels, resulting in reduced osteoblast activity and decreased bone mass, which can lead to osteoporosis.
- Exercise, calcium, and vitamin D intake can prevent osteoporosis.
Long Bone Development
- Early fetal development involves the formation of a hyaline cartilage model by chondroblasts.
- During fetal development, blood vessels lead to some conversion from cartilage to bone.
- During fetal development, cartilage is dissolved, followed by osteoblast growth and bone formation.
- In childhood, primary and secondary ossification centers can lead to growth and increase in bone tissue.
- Adolescence involves growth hormone increasing bone length.
- Puberty involves the uniting of the diaphysis and epiphysis, ultimately leading to the termination of cartilage grow in the epiphyseal plate.
Hormones and Long Bone Growth
- Growth hormone during adolescence promotes growth.
- Testosterone and estrogen stimulate puberty-related growth, along with the merger of primary and secondary ossification centers resulting in the shut down of the growth plate.
Male vs. Female Pelvis
- Female pelvises are wider than male pelvises.
- During childbirth, the sacrum in women does not tilt inward.
- The ischial spines in women are not pointed inward.
Axial Skeleton: The Skull
- The skull protects the brain.
- Skull bones include the frontal bone (front), parietal bones (side), temporal bone (sides, temples), occipital bone (back), and others.
- Tears drain through passages of the skull.
- The middle and inner ears are embedded in the temporal bone.
- The nasal cavity is connected to the sinuses, which can result in runny noses due to allergies or colds.
Axial Skeleton: Vertebral Column
- The vertebral column is made up of cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), lumbar (lower back), sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae.
- The vertebral column consists of 33 fused vertebrae in adults.
- The spinal cord runs through the vertebral canal.
- Intervertebral disks are made of fibrocartilage, which cushion the vertebrae and help create flexibility.
- Damaged disks can result in pinched nerves.
- Herniated disks can lead to extreme pain.
Axial Skeleton: Ribs/Sternum
- The skeletal structure of the rib cage consists of 12 pairs of ribs.
- The bottom two ribs do not connect to the sternum.
- Ribs are essential for respiration.
- Sternum (breastbone) comprises three fused bones.
- The sternum is connected to the diaphragm, which assists in breathing mechanics.
Appendicular Skeleton
- The pectoral girdle consists of the clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade).
- The clavicle is frequently broken.
- The pelvic girdle consists of three coxal bones connected at the pubic symphysis and the sacrum.
- A woman's pelvis is wider than a man's, which relates to childbirth.
Appendicular Skeleton: Limbs
- Arms include humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.
- Legs include femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.
Joints
- Joints are classified by their degree of movement (immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable).
- Fibrous joints are immovable (e.g., skull sutures).
- Fontanels "soft spots" in infants.
- Cartilaginous joints are slightly movable (e.g., ribs attached to the sternum, vertebrae).
- Synovial joints are freely movable (e.g., knee, shoulder).
- Synovial joints have a capsule of dense connective tissue surrounding them that produces synovial fluid for lubrication, and the joints are enclosed by hyaline cartilage.
Skeletal System Problems
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Dislocations: Bones forced out of joints often associated with sprains and inflammation.
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Broken bones: Blood clot- callus forms to hold fractured pieces together and then the callus hardens into bone (stronger than original bone).
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Torn cartilage or ligaments: usually slow to heal due to minimal blood flow- requiring surgery to repair.
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Arthritis: Joint inflammation( Osteoarthritis- from cartilage degrading-rheumatoid arthritis- immune system attacking synovial joints); weight control helps alleviate joint stress.
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Description
This quiz explores the critical components of the skeletal system, focusing on connective tissues such as bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons. Understand the functions these structures serve and the healing processes involved. Ideal for students studying human anatomy!
