Skeletal Muscle Contractile Mechanisms Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are the common symptoms of nicotine withdrawal?

Common symptoms of nicotine withdrawal include lightheadedness, night sweats, low mood, sore throat, increased coughing, increased appetite, and weight gain.

Explain the potential benefits of using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) as a smoking cessation aid.

NRT can help reduce withdrawal symptoms, cravings, and the urge to smoke, making it easier for individuals to quit. It provides a steady, controlled dose of nicotine without the harmful effects of cigarette smoke.

What are the differences in pathophysiology and treatment between asthma and COPD?

Asthma is a reversible obstructive lung disease characterized by airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness, while COPD is a non-reversible obstructive lung disease with chronic airflow limitation due to airway and alveolar damage. Asthma treatment often involves inhaled corticosteroids and short-acting beta agonists (SABA), while COPD treatment generally focuses on long-acting bronchodilators like LABA and LAMA.

Describe the key findings in a lung function test that suggest a diagnosis of asthma.

<p>Key findings suggestive of asthma include a 12% or greater increase in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) or a 200 ml increase in lung volume after administering a short-acting beta agonist (SABA), indicating reversible airflow obstruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why smoking is considered harmful to both the smoker and those around them.

<p>Smoking has detrimental effects on both the smoker and non-smokers. For smokers, it causes numerous diseases like lung cancer, heart disease, and respiratory illnesses, and shortens life expectancy. Secondhand smoke exposure puts non-smokers at increased risk for respiratory diseases, lung cancer, and heart disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the main structural difference between compact and spongy bone.

<p>Compact bone is denser and stronger, containing osteons with a central canal (Harversian canal) surrounded by concentric rings of matrix. Spongy bone is lighter and less dense, containing red or yellow bone marrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main cell types involved in bone homeostasis and what are their roles?

<p>Osteoblasts form bone, osteoclasts break down bone, and osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of mechanical stress in bone remodeling.

<p>Mechanical stress, like exercise, stimulates bone remodeling by increasing osteoblast activity. It helps to maintain bone density and strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis?

<p>RA is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the joints, while osteoarthritis is a degenerative condition caused by wear and tear on the joints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the typical symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.

<p>Symptoms include joint pain, stiffness, swelling, fatigue, and sometimes rheumatoid nodules, fever, lack of appetite, and weight loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main goals of treatment for rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>The goals are to reduce disease activity, improve quality of life, and prevent joint damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the relationship between calcium ions (Ca2+) and muscle contraction in cardiac muscle.

<p>Calcium ions are released from the T-tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), triggering the sliding filament mechanism and muscle contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is tetanic contraction not possible in cardiac muscle?

<p>Cardiac muscle has a long refractory period, preventing the summation of muscle twitches and therefore tetanic contraction. This ensures a regular heartbeat and prevents muscle fatigue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the force of contraction in cardiac muscle modified?

<p>The force of contraction is regulated by the amount of blood returning to the heart (preload), the resistance the heart has to pump against (afterload), and the contractility of the heart muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between electromechanical coupling and pharmacochemical coupling in smooth muscle?

<p>Electromechanical coupling involves the depolarization of the smooth muscle membrane triggering Ca2+ release, while pharmacochemical coupling involves the release of chemical messengers, like neurotransmitters or hormones, stimulating Ca2+ release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main clinical features of osteoporosis?

<p>Osteoporosis presents with a loss of bone mass, structural deterioration, and increased risk of fractures. It is often asymptomatic until a fracture occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the first-line treatment for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.

<p>Bisphosphonates like alendronic acid are the first-line treatment for postmenopausal women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main hallmarks of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?

<p>Antinuclear Antibodies (ANAs), abnormal B and T lymphocytes and the characteristic IMDAMNSHARP symptoms are the main hallmarks of SLE.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying pathophysiology of Gout?

<p>Gout is caused by a buildup of uric acid in the body, leading to the formation of urate crystals in the joints and tissues, causing inflammation and pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the most common non-pharmacological recommendations for managing Gout?

<p>Weight management, a low-purine diet, adequate hydration, and limiting alcohol consumption are important non-pharmacological strategies for managing Gout.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the respiratory system?

<p>The primary function of the respiratory system is gas exchange between the body and the environment, enabling the uptake of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of surfactant in the respiratory system.

<p>Surfactant, produced by the bronchi, lines the alveoli and prevents them from collapsing during exhalation. It also helps to reduce surface tension, allowing for efficient gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the blood–gas interface in the alveoli.

<p>The alveoli are thin-walled air sacs in the lungs that are surrounded by capillaries. The blood-gas interface is the barrier formed by the alveolar epithelium, interstitial space, and capillary endothelium, allowing for rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the c-shaped rings of cartilage in the trachea?

<p>The C-shaped rings of cartilage in the trachea provide structural support, preventing its collapse during inhalation and ensuring that air can pass through freely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main mechanisms for removing inhaled particles from the respiratory system?

<p>The respiratory system utilizes the ciliated columnar epithelium lining the airways and goblet cells that produce mucus to trap and expel inhaled particles. The cilia sweep the mucus upward, towards the pharynx, where it can be swallowed or expelled as phlegm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of cells found in the alveoli, and what are their respective roles in gas exchange?

<p>Type I cells are responsible for gas exchange, while Type II cells produce surfactant to reduce surface tension and prevent the alveoli from collapsing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pleural fluid, and how does it contribute to breathing?

<p>Pleural fluid acts as a lubricant, reducing friction between the pleura surrounding the lungs and the chest wall during breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of the diaphragm in breathing.

<p>The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that contracts during inspiration, flattening and increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity, thereby drawing air into the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between inspiration and expiration in terms of muscle action?

<p>Inspiration involves the contraction of the external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm, while expiration primarily relies on the relaxation of these muscles, with the help of internal intercostal muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) matching in the lungs.

<p>V/Q matching refers to the balance between the amount of air reaching the alveoli (ventilation) and the blood flow through the surrounding capillaries (perfusion). This balance ensures optimal gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the intercostal muscles?

<p>The intercostal muscles play a crucial role in breathing by providing structural support to the rib cage and facilitating its movement during inspiration and expiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the body respond to changes in arterial PCO2 levels regarding breathing?

<p>Increased arterial PCO2 levels (hypercapnia) trigger an increase in ventilation to expel excess CO2 and restore normal blood gas levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between central and peripheral chemoreceptors in terms of their location and responses to stimuli.

<p>Central chemoreceptors are located in the brain stem and respond primarily to changes in CSF pH, while peripheral chemoreceptors are located in carotid and aortic bodies and respond to changes in blood PO2, PCO2, and pH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of lung receptors in the control of breathing.

<p>Lung receptors, such as stretch receptors and irritant receptors, provide feedback to the respiratory centers in the brain stem, influencing breathing patterns and depth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main factors that influence the frequency and depth of breathing?

<p>Breathing is regulated by both neural (brain stem and lung receptors) and chemical (chemoreceptors) control mechanisms, which adjust the frequency and depth of breathing to maintain appropriate oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the structural organization of a skeletal muscle, starting from the whole muscle and working down to the level of the myofilaments.

<p>Skeletal muscle is organized in a hierarchical structure. A whole muscle is composed of bundles of muscle fibers, each muscle fiber being a single muscle cell. Each muscle fiber contains multiple myofibrils, which are long cylindrical structures running the length of the fiber. Myofibrils are composed of repeating units called sarcomeres, which are the functional units of muscle contraction. Within each sarcomere are thick and thin filaments, the myofilaments. Thick filaments are composed of the protein myosin, while thin filaments are composed of the proteins actin, tropomyosin, and troponin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction, including the roles of actin, myosin, and ATP.

<p>The sliding filament theory states that muscle contraction occurs due to the sliding of thin filaments (actin) past thick filaments (myosin) within the sarcomere. Myosin heads bind to actin filaments, forming cross-bridges. The myosin heads then use ATP to pivot, pulling the actin filaments towards the center of the sarcomere. This shortening of the sarcomere results in muscle contraction. The cycle of cross-bridge formation, pivoting, and detachment requires the hydrolysis of ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the structure and function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and the T-tubules in skeletal muscle. How do these structures contribute to excitation-contraction coupling?

<p>The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is an elaborate network of membrane-bound tubules that surrounds each myofibril. It stores and releases calcium ions (Ca2+), which are essential for muscle contraction. T-tubules are invaginations of the plasma membrane that extend deep into the muscle fiber, forming a network that closely interacts with the SR. When an action potential travels down a T-tubule, it triggers the release of calcium from the SR. This mechanism is crucial for excitation-contraction coupling, the process by which an electrical signal triggers muscle contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of troponin and tropomyosin in regulating muscle contraction. How does calcium affect their function?

<p>In a relaxed muscle, tropomyosin blocks the myosin binding sites on actin, preventing cross-bridge formation. Troponin is a complex of three proteins that binds to tropomyosin and actin and regulates the position of tropomyosin. When calcium ions bind to troponin, it causes a conformational change in the troponin-tropomyosin complex, exposing the myosin binding sites on actin. This allows myosin to bind to actin and initiate muscle contraction. In the absence of calcium, the troponin-tropomyosin complex blocks myosin binding, keeping the muscle relaxed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the length-tension relationship in skeletal muscle? Explain the underlying mechanisms for why muscle force is maximal at an optimal sarcomere length.

<p>The length-tension relationship describes the relationship between the initial length of a muscle fiber and the maximal force it can generate. Muscle force is maximal at an optimal sarcomere length, where there is an optimal overlap of actin and myosin filaments. At shorter lengths, the filaments are compressed, reducing the number of potential cross-bridges. At longer lengths, the filaments are too far apart, leading to a reduced number of interactions. Optimal overlap maximizes the number of potential cross-bridges, leading to the greatest force generation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the difference between a twitch and tetanus in skeletal muscle contraction. How do these concepts relate to the force of contraction?

<p>A twitch is the mechanical response of a muscle fiber to a single action potential. It consists of a brief period of contraction followed by relaxation. Tetanus refers to a sustained muscle contraction, resulting from a series of action potentials that occur close enough in time to prevent the muscle from relaxing completely between stimuli. A single twitch produces a relatively weak force. As the frequency of action potentials increases, the muscle fiber experiences summation of twitch forces, leading to a stronger contraction. At high frequencies, the muscle can reach a state of fused tetanus, where the contractions are so rapid that they appear smooth and sustained.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of motor unit recruitment. How does motor unit recruitment affect the force of a muscle contraction?

<p>A motor unit consists of a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates. The force of a muscle contraction can be controlled by recruiting different numbers of motor units. When a greater force is needed, more motor units are activated. This process, known as motor unit recruitment, allows for fine control of muscle force, ranging from subtle movements to powerful contractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast fast and slow muscle fibers, including their physiological characteristics and typical functions. Explain the structural and metabolic differences between these fiber types.

<p>Fast muscle fibers (Type II) contract and relax quickly, generating high forces but with limited endurance. They are typically white due to a lower content of myoglobin. Slow muscle fibers (Type I) contract and relax slowly, generating lower forces but with greater endurance. They are typically red due to a higher content of myoglobin. Fast fibers are adapted for rapid, powerful movements like sprinting or jumping, while slow fibers are suited for sustained activities like maintaining posture or endurance running. Fast fibers have a higher proportion of glycolytic enzymes for rapid ATP production, while slow fibers have a higher proportion of oxidative enzymes for sustained ATP production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Smoking Cessation Interventions

Strategies to help individuals stop smoking, including NRT and CBT.

Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT)

Treatment options like patches, gums, or sprays that provide nicotine without smoke.

Asthma vs COPD

Asthma is reversible with treatment, while COPD is chronic and irreversible.

Spirometry

A lung function test that measures FEV1 and FVC to assess respiratory health.

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FEV1/FVC Ratio

A key measurement in spirometry indicating airflow obstruction; normal is over 0.7.

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Myofibril

A basic rod-like unit of a muscle cell, composed of sarcomeres.

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Sarcomere

The functional unit of a muscle fiber, defined as the segment between two Z lines.

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Sliding Filament Theory

The process by which muscle fibers contract, involving the sliding of actin and myosin filaments past each other.

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Cross-Bridge Formation

The process by which myosin heads attach to actin filaments to produce muscle contraction.

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Length-Tension Relationship

The relationship describing how muscle force varies with the length of the muscle before contraction.

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Excitation-Contraction Coupling

The physiological process linking muscle excitation to contraction; involves action potentials and calcium ions.

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Twitch vs. Tetanus

Twitch is a single contraction; tetanus is a sustained contraction due to rapid stimulation.

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Motor Unit Recruitment

The process of activating more motor units to increase muscle contraction strength.

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Type I Cells

Cells that facilitate gas exchange in the lungs.

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Type II Cells

Cells that produce surfactant to reduce surface tension in the lungs.

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Pleural Cavity

The space between the pleura surrounding the lungs, contains pleural fluid.

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Inspiration

The process of taking in oxygen by breathing in.

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Expiration

The process of expelling carbon dioxide by breathing out.

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Ventilation/Perfusion (V/Q)

The ratio of air reaching the alveoli (ventilation) to blood flow in the pulmonary capillaries (perfusion).

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Chemoreceptors

Sensory receptors that respond to changes in the chemical composition of the blood, particularly CO2, O2, and pH.

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Intercostal Muscles

Muscles located between the ribs that assist with breathing by moving the ribs.

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Diaphragm

The main muscle used in breathing, separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

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Hyperventilation

Rapid or deep breathing that results in reduced carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

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Osteoporosis

A disorder characterized by loss of bone mass and structural deterioration, leading to increased fracture risk.

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Bisphosphonates

First-line treatment for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, e.g., Alendronic acid.

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Antinuclear Antibodies (ANAs)

Key markers in the diagnosis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE).

Signup and view all the flashcards

SLE Symptoms (IMDAMNSHARP)

Includes immunoglobulins, molar rash, arthritis, renal disease, and other systemic features.

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Gout

An inflammatory arthritis caused by high uric acid levels leading to crystal formation in joints.

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Urate Lowering Therapy

Long-term treatment for gout that includes medications like Allopurinol and Febuxostat.

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Respiratory System Functions

Includes gas exchange, pH regulation, and protection against pathogens.

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Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

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Trachea

The windpipe that connects the larynx to the bronchi, lined with ciliated cells.

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Pharynx

The part of the throat that serves both respiratory and digestive systems.

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Functions of Bone

Bone provides structure, protection, movement, storage, and blood cell production.

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Types of Bone

There are two types of bone: compact (dense and strong) and spongy (light and hollow).

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Bone Cells

The three main types are osteoblasts (build bone), osteoclasts (break down bone), and osteocytes (maintain bone).

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Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is regulated by mechanical stress and hormones, maintaining balance among bone cells.

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Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

RA is an autoimmune disease causing inflammation and damage to joints and bones.

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Symptoms of RA

Common symptoms include joint pain, stiffness, swelling, fatigue, and weight loss.

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Cardiac Muscle

Cardiac muscle is striated, involuntary, and pumps blood via coordinated contractions.

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Smooth Muscle

Smooth muscle is non-striated, controls involuntary movements in hollow organs.

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Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is joint wear and tear, causing pain and decreased movement.

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Study Notes

Skeletal Muscle Contractile Mechanisms

  • Skeletal muscle comprises muscle -> muscle fiber -> myofibril -> myofilament.
  • Myofibrils are composed of sarcomeres, the fundamental contractile units.
  • Sarcomeres consist of thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments.
  • Myosin filaments possess heads that bind to actin, forming cross-bridges.
  • The sliding filament theory describes how the filaments slide past each other during contraction.
  • Muscle striations result from the organized arrangement of sarcomeres.
  • Cross-bridge cycling, driven by ATP hydrolysis, powers muscle contraction.
  • Actin regulation of contraction involves calcium ions (Ca²⁺), troponin, and tropomyosin.
  • The length-tension relationship shows an optimal muscle length for maximum force generation.
  • Muscle twitch describes a single contraction generated by a single action potential.
  • Tetanus is a sustained contraction in response to multiple, closely spaced action potentials.
  • Motor unit recruitment determines the force of contraction by governing the number of muscle fibers activated.

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

  • E-C coupling is triggered when an action potential reaches the neuromuscular junction.
  • The sarcotubular system (SR and T-tubules) plays a crucial role.
  • Action potentials travel down T-tubules.
  • This triggers Ca²⁺ release from the SR into the cytoplasm.
  • Calcium triggers cross-bridge cycling for contraction.
  • Calcium is pumped back into the SR during relaxation.
  • Fast twitch fibers (white/Type II) contract rapidly but with less sustained force.
  • Slow twitch fibers (red/Type I) contract slower but sustain force for longer periods.

Physiology of Bone

  • Bone functions include structural support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and hematopoiesis.
  • Two main bone types: compact and spongy.
  • Compact bone is dense and strong, with osteons containing central canals (Haversian canals).
  • Osteons are composed of concentric rings of mineralized matrix and osteocytes.
  • Osteoblasts form bone, osteoclasts break down bone, and osteocytes are mature bone cells.
  • Bone remodeling is regulated by mechanical stress and hormones.
  • Osteoporosis occurs when bone breakdown exceeds formation.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

  • RA is an autoimmune disease that targets joints.
  • Synovial membrane inflammation is a prominent feature of RA.
  • Synoviocytes (synovial cells) proliferate and infiltrate the joint.
  • Inflammation leads to cartilage and bone destruction.
  • RA causes joint pain, stiffness, swelling, and fatigue.
  • Diagnosis involves X-rays and blood tests (CRP, RF, ESR).
  • RA treatment aims to reduce disease activity and improve quality of life.
  • Short-term/flare treatments include NSAIDs+PPI and glucocorticoids.
  • Long-term management uses DMARDs or biologicals.
  • RA significantly impacts patient's quality of life and life expectancy.

Cardiac and Smooth Muscle

  • Cardiac muscle is striated and linked electrically (gap junctions) and mechanically (desmosomes).
  • Cardiac muscle contracts in a coordinated fashion.
  • Cardiac muscle cannot be tetanic due to its long refractory period.
  • Smooth muscle is found in hollow organs and lacks striations and T-tubules.
  • Smooth muscle contraction regulation differs from skeletal and cardiac muscle.
  • Smooth muscle uses Ca²⁺, but different proteins for modulation.

Musculoskeletal Therapeutics

  • Osteoarthritis: Due to wear and tear, leading to cartilage and bone changes. Treatment involves lifestyle modification, analgesics (paracetamol, NSAIDs, opioids).
  • Osteoporosis: Losing bone mass and structure, predisposing to fractures. Treatment includes vitamin D and calcium supplements, bisphosphonates, or hormone replacement therapy.
  • SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus): Autoimmune disease marked by multiple organ inflammation. Treatment options vary depending on severity.

Respiratory Tract

  • Respiratory system exchanges gases, regulates pH, protects, and produces sound.
  • Upper respiratory tract (pharynx, larynx) and lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi, alveoli) interact.
  • The respiratory tract warms, humidifies, and filters inspired air.
  • Alveoli are the sites of gas exchange (O2 and CO2).
  • Surfactant reduces surface tension in alveoli.
  • Pleural fluid reduces friction between lung surfaces during breathing.

Gas Transport

  • Gases (O2 and CO2) diffuse across the alveolar-capillary membrane.
  • Hemoglobin carries O2 efficiently in the blood.
  • CO2 is transported primarily as bicarbonate.
  • Factors influencing O2-hemoglobin binding include partial pressure, pH, and temperature.

Ventilation-Perfusion

  • V/Q matching (ventilation/perfusion) ensures that airflow and blood flow are coordinated for optimal gas exchange.
  • Lung shunts (blood bypasses alveoli) and V/Q mismatches impair gas exchange.
  • Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction redirects blood flow away from poorly ventilated areas to better-ventilated areas.

Breathing

  • Muscles (diaphragm, intercostals) generate pressure gradients for ventilation.
  • Lung compliance and elastance affect lung expansion and recoil.
  • Tidal volume, inspiratory/expiratory reserve volumes, and residual volume impact lung capacity.

Control of Breathing

  • Breathing is controlled by the brain stem respiratory centers and chemoreceptors.
  • Chemoreceptors detect changes in blood gases (O2, CO2) and pH and regulate breathing rate.
  • Lung receptors play a role in regulating breathing in response to mechanical stretch, irritants, and fluid accumulation.

Smoking and Vaping

  • Smoking harms both smokers and bystanders.
  • Nicotine dependence is a significant factor in smoking behavior, with both positive (dopamine release) and negative (withdrawal) reinforcement.
  • Smoking cessation interventions, including NRT, behavioral therapies (CBT), and vaping, are efficacious.

Asthma and COPD

  • Asthma is a reversible, inflammatory airway disorder.
  • COPD is a non-reversible, obstructive lung disease.
  • Lung function tests (FEV1, FVC) aid in diagnosis and monitoring of respiratory conditions.
  • Treatment strategies for asthma and COPD differ due to reversibility.

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