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Questions and Answers
Which type of muscle fibers lack striations?
Which type of muscle fibers lack striations?
What is the function of flexor muscles?
What is the function of flexor muscles?
Which muscle type is characterized by being smaller, branched, and uninucleate?
Which muscle type is characterized by being smaller, branched, and uninucleate?
What is the function of extensor muscles?
What is the function of extensor muscles?
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Which muscle type is multinucleate?
Which muscle type is multinucleate?
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What is the function of tendons?
What is the function of tendons?
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What is the function of intercalated disks in cardiac muscle fibers?
What is the function of intercalated disks in cardiac muscle fibers?
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Which muscle type appears striped or striated under the microscope?
Which muscle type appears striped or striated under the microscope?
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What is the function of the sarcolemma in skeletal muscle fibers?
What is the function of the sarcolemma in skeletal muscle fibers?
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What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle fibers?
What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle fibers?
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Which protein prevents myosin-actin attachment at rest?
Which protein prevents myosin-actin attachment at rest?
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What is the major calcium reservoir in muscle cells?
What is the major calcium reservoir in muscle cells?
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What initiates a muscle action potential?
What initiates a muscle action potential?
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Which protein allows actin-myosin binding by binding to calcium?
Which protein allows actin-myosin binding by binding to calcium?
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What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction?
What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction?
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What happens during the power stroke in muscle contraction?
What happens during the power stroke in muscle contraction?
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What causes the conformational change in troponin-tropomyosin complex?
What causes the conformational change in troponin-tropomyosin complex?
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What is the function of the dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor?
What is the function of the dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor?
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What is the role of the ryanodine receptor-channel in muscle contraction?
What is the role of the ryanodine receptor-channel in muscle contraction?
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What happens when the DHP receptor opens the ryanodine receptor channels?
What happens when the DHP receptor opens the ryanodine receptor channels?
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Which ion(s) are involved in creating the neuronal action potential?
Which ion(s) are involved in creating the neuronal action potential?
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Which ion(s) are involved in creating the muscle action potential?
Which ion(s) are involved in creating the muscle action potential?
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Which type of muscle contraction involves muscle shortening while lifting a load?
Which type of muscle contraction involves muscle shortening while lifting a load?
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Which type of muscle contraction generates force but does not result in muscle shortening?
Which type of muscle contraction generates force but does not result in muscle shortening?
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Which type of muscle fibers are characterized by being slow-twitch and fatigue-resistant?
Which type of muscle fibers are characterized by being slow-twitch and fatigue-resistant?
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Which type of muscle fibers are characterized by being fast-twitch and fatigue-resistant?
Which type of muscle fibers are characterized by being fast-twitch and fatigue-resistant?
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Which type of muscle fibers are characterized by being fast-twitch and fatigable?
Which type of muscle fibers are characterized by being fast-twitch and fatigable?
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Which type of muscle fibers are characterized by being fast-twitch and highly fatigable?
Which type of muscle fibers are characterized by being fast-twitch and highly fatigable?
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Which disorder is characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme myophosphorylase?
Which disorder is characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme myophosphorylase?
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Which protein is responsible for the conversion of glycogen to glucose 6-phosphate?
Which protein is responsible for the conversion of glycogen to glucose 6-phosphate?
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During the relaxation phase of a muscle twitch, what ion(s) are moved in what direction(s)?
During the relaxation phase of a muscle twitch, what ion(s) are moved in what direction(s)?
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What ion(s) create the neuronal action potential during a muscle twitch?
What ion(s) create the neuronal action potential during a muscle twitch?
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What ion(s) create the muscle action potential during a muscle twitch?
What ion(s) create the muscle action potential during a muscle twitch?
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What type of contraction occurs when a muscle generates force but doesn't shorten?
What type of contraction occurs when a muscle generates force but doesn't shorten?
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What type of contraction occurs when a muscle shortens while lifting a load?
What type of contraction occurs when a muscle shortens while lifting a load?
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Which type of muscle fiber is characterized by slow-twitch properties?
Which type of muscle fiber is characterized by slow-twitch properties?
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Which type of muscle fiber is characterized by fast-twitch properties?
Which type of muscle fiber is characterized by fast-twitch properties?
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Which disorder is characterized by a deficiency of dystrophin?
Which disorder is characterized by a deficiency of dystrophin?
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Which disorder is characterized by a deficiency of myophosphorylase, leading to the inability to convert glycogen to glucose 6-phosphate?
Which disorder is characterized by a deficiency of myophosphorylase, leading to the inability to convert glycogen to glucose 6-phosphate?
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During strenuous exercise, what is the process called that restores energy expended during exercise?
During strenuous exercise, what is the process called that restores energy expended during exercise?
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Study Notes
Muscle Fibers
- Smooth muscle fibers lack striations
- Skeletal muscle fibers are characterized by being multinucleate
- Cardiac muscle fibers are branched, uninucleate, and have intercalated disks
- Skeletal muscle fibers appear striped or striated under the microscope
Muscle Functions
- Flexor muscles decrease the angle between two bones
- Extensor muscles increase the angle between two bones
- Tendons connect muscles to bones, transmitting forces from muscle to bone
Muscle Physiology
- The sarcolemma is the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle fibers, regulating ion movement and muscle contraction
- The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a calcium reservoir in skeletal muscle fibers, releasing calcium ions during muscle contraction
- Troponin and tropomyosin are proteins that prevent myosin-actin attachment at rest
- Calcium ions initiate muscle contraction by binding to troponin, causing a conformational change in the troponin-tropomyosin complex
- ATP is essential for muscle contraction, providing energy for myosin-actin binding and muscle relaxation
- During the power stroke, the myosin head binds to actin, generating force and shortening the muscle
Muscle Contraction
- The dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor is a voltage-gated calcium channel, opening ryanodine receptor-channel and releasing calcium ions
- The ryanodine receptor-channel releases calcium ions, initiating muscle contraction
- During muscle contraction, sodium ions create the neuronal action potential, while calcium ions create the muscle action potential
- Isotonic contraction involves muscle shortening while lifting a load
- Isometric contraction generates force but does not result in muscle shortening
Muscle Fiber Types
- Slow-twitch fibers are fatigue-resistant, characterized by slow contraction velocities
- Fast-twitch fibers are fatigable, characterized by fast contraction velocities
- Fast-twitch and highly fatigable fibers have high contraction velocities and fatigue easily
Disorders
- McArdle's disease is characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme myophosphorylase, leading to the inability to convert glycogen to glucose 6-phosphate
- Duchenne muscular dystrophy is characterized by a deficiency of dystrophin
Muscle Twitch and Relaxation
- During the relaxation phase of a muscle twitch, calcium ions are pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and sodium ions are pumped out of the cell
- Sodium ions create the neuronal action potential, while calcium ions create the muscle action potential during a muscle twitch
- Isometric contraction occurs when a muscle generates force but doesn't shorten
- Isotonic contraction occurs when a muscle shortens while lifting a load
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Description
Test your knowledge of skeletal muscle cellular physiology with this quiz. Learn about muscle attachment, flexors and extensors, and antagonistic muscle groups.
