CRM Chapter 4

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Questions and Answers

Which skills are necessary to maintain situational awareness?

Observing, ignoring, avoiding, and neglecting

Planning, executing, reviewing, and concluding

Monitoring, evaluating, anticipating, and considering (correct)

Reacting, responding, resolving, and retreating

What is emphasized as the key to maintaining present situational awareness?

Adapting to the situation as it changes

Thinking ahead of the situation (correct)

Reacting immediately to the situation

Focusing on past experiences related to the situation

What is the most important thing in maintaining situational awareness?

Maintaining a professional attitude at all times

Focusing on what is right, not who is right (correct)

Resolving discrepancies in a timely manner

Relying on machines for accurate information

What is the first step to avoid tunnel vision on the fire scene?

Ensure the command officer remains at the command unit Signup and view all the answers

What is the second step to avoid fixation on the fire scene?

Appoint a safety officer whose sole purpose is to ensure all operations are conducted safely Signup and view all the answers

What is the third step to avoid fixation and maintain situational awareness?

Provide time prompts from dispatch or an on-scene timer Signup and view all the answers

What concept did the aviation industry enact to limit communications during certain flight phases?

Sterile cockpit Signup and view all the answers

What was recognized as one of the problems facing FFs by the Tri-Data study?

Information overload Signup and view all the answers

What results in matched expectations and fewer distractions according to the text?

Doing the same thing the same way every time Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in avoiding loss of situational awareness caused by distraction?

Minimize the level of distractions Signup and view all the answers

What is the second step to maintain situational awareness caused by distraction?

Train to recognize distractions Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized as a potential consequence of information overload in relation to situational awareness?

Decreased short-term memory Signup and view all the answers

What happens to short-term memory as information overload increases?

It decreases Signup and view all the answers

How does the human animal react to stress according to the text?

In a predictable fashion Signup and view all the answers

What does the human animal begin to rely on as information overload increases?

Memories stored in long-term memory Signup and view all the answers

What is over-learning?

Over-training a task beyond the level of initial proficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended strategy for decreasing stress in less experienced FFs?

Pre-briefing the situation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of developing communication skills?

To develop a shared mental model of the situation Signup and view all the answers

What is one major key to loss of situational awareness on the fireline?

Complacency Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the most important indicators of situational awareness?

Looking for what is not there that should be Signup and view all the answers

What can affect anyone in different situations?

Situational inexperience Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in maintaining situational awareness?

Break the situation into manageable tasks to avoid feeling overwhelmed Signup and view all the answers

What does training add to a firefighter's experience?

Creates events that rarely happen in real life Signup and view all the answers

How does pressure affect people's behavior?

Leads to reliance on long-term memory for decision making Signup and view all the answers

What is one way to accomplish shedding tasks?

Delegating the tasks to another person Signup and view all the answers

What is NASA Space Division known for regarding contingency planning?

Planning and anticipating every contingency Signup and view all the answers

What should a firefighter do if they suspect a loss of situational awareness?

Revert immediately to the basics Signup and view all the answers

What are the three key aspects of fire-plan-people?

What is the fire doing, how is the plan working, how are the people doing Signup and view all the answers

What is the capacity of working memory?

Seven plus minus two pieces of information Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an individual's working memory under stress?

It diminishes Signup and view all the answers

What does chunking refer to in the context of memory?

Putting information in a relational group Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of training-in-context theory according to the text?

To train as closely as possible to the way one would perform in real-life scenarios Signup and view all the answers

What factors does the accuracy of long-term memory access depend on?

Frequency, recency, and relevance Signup and view all the answers

Why does a person normally revert to prior over-learned behaviors in a stressful situation?

Working memory and reasoning processes break down Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Situational Awareness Skills

Critical skills for maintaining situational awareness include observation, attention to detail, and the ability to anticipate changes in the environment.
The key to maintaining present situational awareness involves continuous monitoring and assessing the surroundings.

Avoiding Tunnel Vision

The first step to avoid tunnel vision on the fire scene is to conduct regular situational checks and maintain peripheral awareness.
The second step involves actively engaging with team members to gain diverse perspectives on the scene.
The third step includes stepping back periodically to reassess the situation and identify potential threats or changes.

Communication in Aviation

The aviation industry implements a concept to limit communications during specific flight phases to reduce distractions and enhance focus.

Challenges for Firefighters

The Tri-Data study recognized poor situational awareness as a significant problem facing firefighters.
Matched expectations and fewer distractions lead to improved performance and decision-making.

Managing Distractions

The first step in avoiding a loss of situational awareness caused by distraction is to prioritize tasks based on urgency and relevance.
The second step is to create a focused environment by minimizing extraneous noise and interruptions.

Information Overload Consequences

Information overload can lead to confusion and impaired decision-making.
As information overload increases, short-term memory is negatively affected, making it harder to retain important data.

Stress Responses

Under stress, humans often rely on instinctual reactions rather than analytical thought processes.
Increased stress causes a reliance on over-learned behaviors, as individuals revert to familiar responses.

Training and Communication Skills

Over-learning refers to the process of practicing skills until they become automatic responses.
Developing communication skills is crucial for clarity and coordination in high-pressure situations.

Indicators and Factors of Situational Awareness

One major key to loss of situational awareness on the fireline is the failure to communicate effectively among team members.
One of the most important indicators of situational awareness is the ability to recognize changes in the environment.

Working Memory Dynamics

The capacity of working memory is limited, and stress can significantly reduce an individual's ability to process information effectively.
Chunking refers to grouping information into manageable units to improve memory retention.

Training-in-Context Theory

Training-in-context theory aims to enhance skill retention by incorporating realistic scenarios during training.
The accuracy of long-term memory access depends on the frequency of retrieval and rehearsal.

Behavioral Reversion Under Stress

Individuals often revert to previously over-learned behaviors under stress due to the brain's tendency to rely on familiar patterns when overwhelmed.

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