Situational Awareness Chapter 2
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Questions and Answers

What is the first step in the decision-making process?

  • Define the problem (correct)
  • Define the decision-making criteria
  • Develop alternatives
  • Allocate weights to each criteria based on their importance
  • What is the criteria weight allocated to "amenities"?

  • 20% (correct)
  • 10%
  • 15%
  • 50%
  • Which alternative received the lowest score in the evaluation of "cost"?

  • Beach
  • Cruise
  • Theme park (correct)
  • Visit relatives
  • What is the primary concern addressed regarding the traditional decision-making process?

    <p>The process is too time-consuming (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the MOST LIKELY reason the author highlights the limitations of the traditional decision-making process?

    <p>To promote the use of alternative, more flexible decision-making approaches (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the text?

    <p>To illustrate the challenges of implementing traditional decision-making in real-world scenarios (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following aspects is NOT mentioned as a potential concern regarding the applicability of the traditional decision-making process to emergency scenes?

    <p>The complexity of the decision-making process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of environment are rational, analytical decisions most likely to be made?

    <p>Environments with readily available information and low stress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does stress affect our ability to process information?

    <p>Stress negatively impacts our ability to understand complex information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The text uses a third-grade word problem as an example to illustrate which point?

    <p>Even seemingly simple tasks can become challenging under stress. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest is a key factor in making rational decisions?

    <p>Logical analysis based on available information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the author using the example of changing card values in the word problem?

    <p>To emphasize how stress can make it difficult to adapt to new information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea conveyed by the text?

    <p>The impact of stress on our decision-making abilities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a challenge in making decisions under stress?

    <p>Lack of motivation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main takeaway from the text regarding decision-making in civilized nations?

    <p>Rational decision-making based on available information is more common in civilized nations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can the blue corner piece in the puzzle likely represent?

    <p>Sky or water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of identifying pieces that fit with the blue corner piece?

    <p>To validate assumptions about the puzzle's theme (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does one eliminate pieces that do not match the blue corner piece?

    <p>By examining their edges and colors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'tacit knowledge' refer to in the context of solving puzzles?

    <p>Knowledge stored subconsciously and used intuitively (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which piece of information does the participant gain after identifying pieces that match the blue piece?

    <p>Additional context about the assembled picture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way can knowledge from past experiences assist in solving the puzzle?

    <p>It allows for subconscious pattern matching. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When fitting together puzzle pieces, what is the initial focus on the blue piece indicative of?

    <p>That the final image could contain various elements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might the blue corner piece be placed in either the top or bottom corner?

    <p>Because it can symbolize different elements like sky or water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically happens to decision-making when a person is under stress?

    <p>It reverts to a more primitive, intuitive process. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the physical reaction to stress that influences decision-making?

    <p>Fight or flight response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does intuition relate to decision-making under stress?

    <p>It draws from subconscious experiences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might people find it concerning that emergency decision-makers rely on gut feelings?

    <p>Intuition can defy logical reasoning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common argument against relying on intuition in decision-making?

    <p>Rational decision outcomes are always superior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what environment can distractions significantly impact problem-solving ability?

    <p>A chaotic and stressful environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from relying on intuitive gut feelings in decision-making?

    <p>A faster response under pressure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What commonly occurs when short-term memory is overloaded?

    <p>Decreased ability to process information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does short-term memory overload affect decision-making?

    <p>It can cause delays or errors in decision-making (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential to understand regarding the role of intuition in decision-making?

    <p>It can lead to better outcomes if properly understood. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What analogy is used to describe the effects of short-term memory overload?

    <p>A computer running multiple programs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes the brain different from a computer regarding memory management?

    <p>Humans cannot prioritize or close information in their short-term memory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might someone have difficulty recalling lunch from a specific date many years ago?

    <p>It likely wasn't a significant event to remember. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to first responders when their short-term memory is overwhelmed?

    <p>They struggle to process multiple pieces of information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was demonstrated through research regarding experiences and memory?

    <p>Much of what is perceived is captured and stored in memory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be a consequence of short-term memory overload in public safety scenarios?

    <p>Inability to effectively respond to situations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ability did participants with normal prefrontal cortexes demonstrate that those with damaged prefrontal cortexes lacked?

    <p>Using emotions in decision making (A), Avoiding risky bets (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are various stimuli stored in the brain according to the content?

    <p>In separate regions based on the type of stimuli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What metaphor is used to describe how the brain stores experiences?

    <p>A blender with the lid off (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under stress, which aspect of situation gathering may affect conscious knowledge according to the content?

    <p>The variety of stimuli that trigger patterns (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a person struggle to recall a familiar face immediately after encountering them?

    <p>Recognition occurs subconsciously (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the limitation faced by participants with damaged prefrontal cortexes in the card gambling scenario?

    <p>Continued betting despite bad cards (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does emotion play in decision making as mentioned in the content?

    <p>Emotion provides guidance in uncertain situations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the brain reassemble memories of experiences according to the content?

    <p>In a coherent manner from scattered stimuli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Define the problem

    Identify the main issue needing resolution, such as burnout.

    Decision-making criteria

    Factors used to evaluate options, like cost and amenities.

    Weight allocation

    Assigning importance percentages to each decision-making criterion.

    Develop alternatives

    Create a list of possible options to solve the problem.

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    Evaluate alternatives

    Assess each option based on weighted criteria to see which is best.

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    Rational decision-making

    A systematic process that involves logical assessment of options.

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    Emergency decision-making

    Making quick choices in critical situations where traditional methods may not apply.

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    Realities of decision-making

    Challenges faced in applying rational processes in real-life situations.

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    Stress Impact on Decisions

    Increased stress hinders comprehension and decision-making capability.

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    Complex Information

    Detailed data that requires analysis to understand and apply.

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    Physiological Reactions

    Body responses triggered by stress that affect mental clarity.

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    Word Problem Example

    A scenario used to illustrate decision-making under low stress.

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    Changing Information

    Alterations in data that increase confusion during problem-solving.

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    Card Riddle

    A problem involving the arrangement of playing cards.

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    Low vs. High Stress

    Comparison of decision-making conditions based on stress levels.

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    Short-term memory capacity

    The limited amount of information your brain can hold temporarily.

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    Memory overload

    When incoming information exceeds short-term memory capacity.

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    Impact on decision-making

    Overloaded memory can lead to poor or delayed decisions.

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    Information processing

    The way your brain takes in and understands new information.

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    RAM analogy

    Comparing brain's short-term memory to computer's RAM capacity.

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    Role of stress

    Stress can exacerbate memory overload and decision-making issues.

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    Long-term memory

    The storage of information retained over a long period.

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    Memory retention

    The process of keeping information for future recall.

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    Decision Under Stress

    Making choices when faced with added pressure or danger.

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    Intuitive Decision Making

    A decision-making process relying on gut feelings and instincts.

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    Fight or Flight Response

    Physiological reaction evoked in response to perceived threats.

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    Impact of Stress on Decisions

    Stress can impair rational thinking, favoring intuition instead.

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    Subconscious Experience

    Accumulated life experiences stored in the subconscious mind.

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    Evolutionary Programming

    Built-in mechanisms in the brain developed over time for survival.

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    Gut Feelings

    Emotional responses that guide decisions based on intuition.

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    Prefrontal Cortex Role

    Involved in decision making and predicting outcomes from learned patterns.

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    Intuition in Decision Making

    The ability to understand something instinctively without conscious reasoning.

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    Pattern Recognition

    The brain's ability to identify trends or regularities in data.

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    Effect of Damaged Prefrontal Cortex

    Individuals struggle with using intuition and may make poor decisions.

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    Memory Storage

    The brain stores various stimuli in different regions rather than as complete images.

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    Coherent Memories

    The process of reassembling stored stimuli into understandable experiences.

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    Subconscious Triggers

    Cues that the brain uses without conscious awareness to recall memories.

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    Stress and Memory Recall

    Under stress, it can be harder to access memories or recognize patterns.

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    Corner pieces in puzzles

    Unique jigsaw pieces that indicate fixed starting points in assembly.

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    Assumptions in puzzles

    Initial guesses made based on limited information about pieces.

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    Pattern matching

    The cognitive process of connecting new information to existing knowledge.

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    Tacit knowledge

    Subconscious understanding gained from life experiences without explicit awareness.

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    Clues in decision-making

    Indicators that guide the decision-making process based on available information.

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    Cues in problem-solving

    Signals or prompts that help identify solutions or direct thought processes.

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    Process of elimination

    Removing impossible options to narrow choices in puzzles and decisions.

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    Study Notes

    Situational Awareness Chapter 2

    • Early decision-making research often occurred in classrooms and labs, not realistic high-stakes environments.
    • An example study involved a stock trading experiment with students, providing hypothetical funds.
    • Participants were given information about specific companies, evaluated them, and made investment decisions.
    • The study's aim was to understand decision-making processes, not maximize profits.
    • Researchers investigated how students made their investment decisions.

    Traditional Decision-Making Process

    • Steps in a rational or analytical decision-making process:
      • Define the problem
      • Identify decision-making criteria
      • Weigh criteria by importance
      • Generate alternatives
      • Evaluate each alternative based on the weighted criteria
      • Choose the best alternative
      • Evaluate the effectiveness of the chosen course of action

    Reflection in Decision-Making

    • Step 7: Reflecting on the decision's effectiveness.
    • Evaluate whether the decision was effective in achieving desired outcomes, considering original expectations and unforeseen consequences.

    Decision Making Under Stress

    • Stress affects rational decision-making, potentially triggering irrational or emotional responses.
    • Intuitive gut feelings can be useful during high-stress, time-constrained situations.
    • Decision-makers process data and information to form mental models of the unfolding situation.
    • Pattern matching from stored experiences can quickly provide potential responses.

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    Description

    This quiz examines crucial aspects of decision-making as discussed in Chapter 2 of Situational Awareness. It covers early research methods in decision-making, the traditional decision-making process, and the importance of reflection after making decisions. Test your understanding of these fundamental concepts.

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