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Questions and Answers
Which of these viruses are spread by arthropod vectors?
Which of these viruses are spread by arthropod vectors?
What is the most common cause of infectious gastroenteritis in the United States?
What is the most common cause of infectious gastroenteritis in the United States?
What is the name of the causative agent of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)?
What is the name of the causative agent of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)?
Sin Nombre Virus
The Ebola virus is only spread through bodily fluids.
The Ebola virus is only spread through bodily fluids.
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Which of the following is a symptom of the late stage of rabies?
Which of the following is a symptom of the late stage of rabies?
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Which of these viruses is associated with the development of encephalitis?
Which of these viruses is associated with the development of encephalitis?
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Which of these viruses is associated with the development of German measles?
Which of these viruses is associated with the development of German measles?
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What is the most common route of transmission for Hepatitis A?
What is the most common route of transmission for Hepatitis A?
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What is the primary target cell for the HIV virus in the human body?
What is the primary target cell for the HIV virus in the human body?
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What is the name of the drug treatment regimen used to treat HIV?
What is the name of the drug treatment regimen used to treat HIV?
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Lyssaviruses are typically transmitted through sexual contact.
Lyssaviruses are typically transmitted through sexual contact.
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Which of the following viruses are NOT a member of the Togaviridae family?
Which of the following viruses are NOT a member of the Togaviridae family?
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Study Notes
Single-Stranded RNA Viruses
- Groups: Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Caliciviridae, Coronaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Picornaviridae, Retroviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Togaviridae
- Examples: Lassa virus, Sin Nombre virus, Norovirus, Coronaviruses, SARS, Ebola virus, Dengue virus, Influenza A, B, C, Parainfluenza viruses, Mumps virus, Enteroviruses, HIV, Lyssaviruses, Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus, Western EE virus, Rubella virus, Hepatitis viruses (HAV, HAB, HAC, HAD, HAE)
Arenaviruses
- Name: From Latin, meaning "sand"
- Appearance: Sandy and granular under electron microscope
- Transmission: Contact with aerosolized virus or fomites from infected rodents.
- Example: Lassa Virus
- Symptoms: Asymptomatic infection is common, some develop fever, headache, pharyngitis, myalgia, diarrhea, vomiting, pleural effusion, hypotension, and hemorrhaging.
- Detection: ELISA to detect IgM and IgG antibodies
- Treatment: Ribavirin if started within 6 days of exposure
Bunyaviridae
- Transmission: Arthropod feeding on blood of vertebrate hosts
- Symptoms: Asymptomatic viremia, fever, hemorrhagic fever, or encephalitis
- Example: Rift Valley fever virus (RVF)
- Other: Encephalitis, hepatitis (targets brain and liver), and other illnesses
Noroviruses (NoVs)
- Transmission: Foodborne, waterborne, and person-to-person contact
- Symptoms: Severe nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and low-grade fever
- Infectious rates: High, as high as 50%
- Incubation: 12-72 hours
Bunyaviridae Sin Nombre Virus
- Causative Agent: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
- Transmission: Inhalation of contaminated aerosolized rodent excretions.
- Clinical Manifestations: Febrile prodrome (fever, chills, and myalgia), followed by hypertensive shock and pulmonary edema
Sapovirus (SaVs)
- Causes: Diarrhea and vomiting in infants, young children, and older patients
- Detection: Electron microscopy, molecular methods (e.g. RT-PCR), immunologic methods (e.g., ELISA)
Coronaviridae
- Appearance: Distinctive club-shaped projections under electron microscope
- Causes: 15% of cold-like infections in adults
- Transmission: Direct contact, droplets, or airborne routes
- Example: Coronavirus (SARS-CoV)
Filoviridae
- Marburg Virus: Now Lake Victoria marburg virus
- Symptoms: High fever (12-22 days), maculopapular rash, worsening nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, bleeding from nose, gums, and GI tract, diffuse hemorrhaging, shock, multiple organ system involvement.
Flaviviridae
- Japanese Encephalitis Virus: Ranges from influenza-like illness to encephalitis
- Dengue Virus: Causes two distinct diseases (Classic Dengue Fever (DF) and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)) via mosquito bite.
- Yellow Fever Virus: Mosquito bite-borne disease.
- Symptoms: Fever, myalgia, headache, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting (asymptomatic, acute infection).
Natural Hosts, and Transmission Methods
- Saint Louis Encephalitis: Birds, Culex mosquitoes
- West Nile Virus: Birds, mosquitoes
- Zika virus: Mosquito
- Marburg Virus: Monkeys (infected monkeys or infected patients).
Influenza Viruses
- Transmission: Birds and mammals
- Symptoms: Flu, abrupt onset of headache, fever, chills, and dry cough (Later: high fever, myalgias, malaise, anorexia).
- Antigenic Variation: RNA replication errors cause antigenic drifts. Antigenic shifts occur when surface antigens change drastically, leading to new influenza subtypes (H or N).
- Important Types: H1N1, H3N2, H5N1
Parainfluenza Viruses
- Types: PIV-1 to PIV-4
- Cause: Respiratory disease in young children (croup, bronchiolitis)
- Transmission: Aerosolized droplets.
Mumps Virus
- Symptoms: Rhinitis, pharyngitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia.
- Transmission: Droplets of infected saliva.
- Infection of parotid glands, and other areas like testes and ovaries
Measles Virus
- Symptoms: Abrupt onset of sneezing, runny nose, red eyes, fever, maculopapular rash (head and trunk), whitish spots (Koplik's spots)
- Complications: Otitis, pneumonia, encephalitis
- Transmission: Aerosol droplets
- Specimen of Choice: Nasopharynx and urine.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
- Cause: Croup, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, interstitial pneumonia.
- Transmission: Aerosolized droplets; specimen collection from: Aspirates, secretions, washes of the upper respiratory tract (URT)
- Detection: Hemadsorption, If, EIA.
Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV)
- Symptoms: Similar to RSV, Influenza, and PIV. Can vary from mild URT to acute lower respiratory infection.
Picornaviridae
- Enteroviruses: Hepatitis EVirus (HEV), Rhinovirus A, B, C, Coxsackieviruses, Polioviruses
- General: Infections of fever of unknown origin, aseptic meningitis, paralysis, sepsis, and other related conditions
- Symptoms: Ranges from flu-like illness to encephalitis
Retroviridae
- HIV: Bloodborne pathogen; transmitted by sexual contact or congenital infection, not transmitted by sweat, tears, saliva, or urine.
- Human T-cell Lymphotropic Viruses (HTLVs): Cause of some leukemias, sarcomas, and lymphomas
- Spherical Virus: Three layer structure (Two identical copies of ssRNA; nucleocapsid; a matrix shell; host cell envelope; glycoprotein trimmers).
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Description
This quiz covers the various groups of single-stranded RNA viruses, detailing their characteristics, examples, and transmission methods. Special focus is given to Arenaviruses, including their symptoms and detection methods. Test your knowledge on these important viral pathogens!
