Singapore River Clean-Up and River Features

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Questions and Answers

What term refers to the water that flows on the surface from highlands to lowlands?

  • River Mouth
  • Runoff (correct)
  • Tributary
  • Transpiration

Which feature is defined as a low area between hills or mountains?

  • Valley (correct)
  • Watershed
  • Delta
  • Floodplain

What negative impact can rivers have on communities?

  • Flooding causing loss of lives and property (correct)
  • Irrigation support for farming
  • Provision of drinking water
  • Source of hydroelectric power

Which term is used to describe a stream or river that joins a main river?

<p>Tributary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a watershed represent in geographic terms?

<p>An imaginary boundary of a drainage basin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process leads to the formation of meanders in a river?

<p>Sideways erosion and sediment deposition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a floodplain?

<p>Low-lying land that floods when the river overflows (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conditions are necessary for the formation of a delta?

<p>Large amounts of sediment and weak waves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is represented by closely spaced contours on a topographical map?

<p>Valley (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are waterfalls represented on topographical maps?

<p>With the symbol: W (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way rivers positively impact agriculture?

<p>By providing water supply for crops (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a distributary?

<p>Channels branching out from a river at its mouth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shape is commonly associated with deltas?

<p>Fan-shaped (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the state of the Singapore River in the early 1970s?

<p>It was badly polluted and littered. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the Earth's surface water is fresh water?

<p>3 percent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sources contains the majority of fresh water on Earth?

<p>Glaciers and ice sheets (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process changes water from liquid to gas in the hydrologic cycle?

<p>Evaporation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant role does the River Nile play for the ancient Egyptians?

<p>It is essential for their survival. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three states of water in the hydrologic cycle?

<p>Solid, liquid, and gas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of fresh water used by people?

<p>Water from streams, rivers, and lakes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which part of the day does evaporation primarily occur?

<p>During the day when the Sun heats the surface (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of rivers for agriculture?

<p>Rivers can increase soil fertility through sediment deposition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is irrigation?

<p>A way of channeling fresh water from rivers to farms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following rivers is known for its historical significance and tourism in Singapore?

<p>Singapore River (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of water drawn by humans is estimated to be used for industrial purposes?

<p>23 percent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant impact can flooding from rivers have on communities?

<p>Loss of lives and serious damage to property. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to a river flooding easily?

<p>Sediment deposition raising the river bed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What recreational activities can take place on rivers?

<p>Rafting, canoeing, and fishing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might farmers choose to plant crops along riverbanks?

<p>Frequent flooding increases soil fertility. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason towns and cities along the Yellow River are at risk during heavy rains?

<p>They do not have proper flood-control measures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Greek word does 'Nile' derive from, and what does it mean?

<p>Neilos, meaning 'river valley' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the African continent does the drainage basin of River Nile cover?

<p>10 percent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What natural process occurs annually from June to October along the lower course of River Nile?

<p>Flooding that deposits sediments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Egypt heavily dependent on River Nile despite its arid climate?

<p>It provides almost all the water needed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides Egypt, which other country heavily relies on River Nile for its fishing industry?

<p>Tanzania (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long is River Nile, making it the world's longest river?

<p>6,695 kilometers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the sediment build-up at the river mouth of River Nile have?

<p>Forms the Nile Delta (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a direct consequence of the Aswan High Dam on soil quality along the lower course of the River Nile?

<p>Loss of soil fertility from trapped sediments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the Aswan High Dam affected fish populations in the Nile Delta?

<p>Decrease in fish populations due to reduced nutrients. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been one of the impacts of the reduced volume of water in the River Nile due to the dam?

<p>Loss of land for farming due to less available water. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the process where water vapor changes into droplets?

<p>Condensation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a delta formed from?

<p>Deposition of sediments at the river mouth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a drainage basin?

<p>The area that is drained by a river and its tributaries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does evaporation refer to in the water cycle?

<p>Process of water changing into water vapor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a meander in the context of river geography?

<p>A bend or curve in a river. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Irrigation

The method of supplying water to farms through man-made canals.

Fertile Soil

Soil enriched by sediments from river floods, good for farming.

Water Usage in Industry

Industries draw 23% of all water for cooling and manufacturing.

Recreational Activities

Activities such as rafting, canoeing, and fishing done on rivers.

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Ganges River Flooding

Flooding that affected 80% of Bangladesh in 1988, causing homelessness.

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Sediments

Particles deposited by rivers during floods that raise river beds.

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Tourist Attraction

Rivers enhance beauty and attract tourists, leading to hotels and resorts.

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Flood Consequences

Floods can cause loss of life, damage to property, and destroy crops.

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Meanders

Curved bends in a river formed by lateral erosion and sediment deposition.

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Floodplain

Low-lying land adjacent to a river where floods occur, formed by sediment deposition.

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Delta

Landform at the river mouth where sediments are deposited, creating new land.

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Distributaries

Branches of a river that flow away from the main channel, formed when a delta develops.

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Topographical Map

A type of map that represents physical features like hills, rivers, and valleys using contours and symbols.

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Valley

A low area between hills or mountains, often shaped like a 'V' by river erosion.

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Water Supply for Farming

Rivers provide essential water needed for agriculture, notably for crops like rice.

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Waterfall Symbol

On topographical maps, waterfalls are represented by the symbol 'W'.

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River Mouth

The place where a river ends, usually at a sea or lake.

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River Source

The location where a river begins its journey.

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Runoff

Water that flows over the surface instead of soaking into the ground.

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Transpiration

The process where plants release water vapor through their leaves.

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Tributary

A stream or river that joins a main river.

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Singapore River clean-up

A campaign from 1977 to 1987 to reduce pollution in the Singapore River.

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Distribution of water

Seventy-five percent of Earth is water; a majority is salt water.

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Freshwater percentage

Only 3% of Earth's water is freshwater; 70% is frozen in glaciers.

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Hydrologic cycle

The continuous movement of water through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.

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Evaporation

The process of water turning from liquid to gas due to heat.

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River Nile significance

The River Nile has supported Egyptian civilization for 3,000 years.

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Saltwater unpotability

97% of Earth's water is saltwater, unsuitable for drinking or industry without processing.

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Yellow River

A river in China known for frequent flooding due to sediment buildup.

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Nile River

The longest river in the world, flowing into the Mediterranean Sea.

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Nile Delta

A landform created by sediment buildup at the river's mouth.

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Farming Fertility

The result of annual floods depositing nutrient-rich sediments onto land.

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Drainage Basin

The area where all rainwater drains into a river.

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Tributaries of Nile

Rivers that flow into the Nile, including the White Nile and Blue Nile.

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Annual Flooding

Seasonal overflow of the Nile that benefits agriculture.

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Source of Food

Nile as a critical fishing resource for some countries.

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Aswan High Dam

A dam in Egypt that regulates River Nile's water flow.

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Loss of soil fertility

Decrease in nutrient-rich soil due to sediment trapping by the dam.

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Decrease in fish supply

Reduction of fish in the Mediterranean due to less nutrient flow from the Nile.

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Condensation

The process where water vapor changes into tiny water droplets in the air.

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Study Notes

Singapore River Clean-Up

  • The Singapore River today is very different from the 1970s
  • It was badly polluted and littered with rubbish
  • A clean-up campaign from 1977 to 1987 transformed the river

River Features

  • River source: The starting point of a river, often in highlands
  • River course: The path a river follows
  • River mouth: Where a river flows into a lake or sea
  • Tributaries: Smaller streams or rivers that join a larger river
  • River system: The main river and its tributaries
  • Floodplain: The low-lying land surrounding a river which can flood

River Valleys

  • A valley is a low area between hills or mountains, shaped by river erosion
  • The Grand Canyon in Arizona is a famous example

Waterfalls

  • A waterfall is a vertical flow of fast-moving water falling from a height, formed when a river flows over a layer of hard rock overlying soft rock
  • The soft rock erodes faster than the hard rock, creating a ledge over which the water falls

Meanders

  • Meanders are curves or bends in a river's course, formed from the process of erosion and sediment deposition along the riverbanks.

Floodplains

  • The low-lying land surrounding a river often floods when the river overflows its banks
  • The soil deposited by floods is often very fertile, making it suitable for agriculture

Deltas

  • A delta forms where a river flows into a lake or sea, depositing sediments that build up over time
  • The Nile Delta, in Egypt, is a fan-shaped example.

Drainage Basin

  • A drainage basin consists of the surrounding land drained by a river and its tributaries
  • The boundary of the basin is called a watershed

Identifying River Features on Topographical Maps

  • River features like valleys, waterfalls, deltas, floodplains and meanders can be represented, on maps, using contours and symbols

How Do Rivers Affect People?

  • Positive impacts:
    • Water supply for farming, industry and drinking
    • Fertile soil for crops
    • Transportation along rivers
    • Recreation by providing opportunities for fishing, boating, etc.
    • Source of food
    • Production of hydroelectric power
  • Negative impacts:
    • Loss of life and property through flooding
    • Damage to crops and property
    • Erosion of land along the riverbanks

River Nile Case Study

  • The Nile River is the world's longest river. It is essential to the people living in 10 countries in Africa.
  • Egyptians depend heavily on the Nile's water supply because they get little rainfall
  • The River Nile has been essential for farming, transportation and other human activities
  • Projects like the Aswan High Dam have brought both benefits and problems for the people of Egypt

Water Cycle

  • Condensation: Water vapor cooling and forming water droplets
  • Evaporation: Water turning into water vapor through heat
  • Transpiration: Plants releasing water vapor
  • Runoff: Water flowing on the surface
  • Drainage basin: An area of land drained by a river system.

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