lecture 14- ecology
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Questions and Answers

What is a key factor that must be considered when simulating a green world with herbivores and predators?

  • Competition among herbivores (correct)
  • Effects of temperature on predator-prey interactions
  • Stability of predator populations
  • Cost of ecological restoration

    • What distinguishes herbivory from carnivory in terms of diet?

  • Herbivores have adaptations like sharp teeth and claws for capturing prey.
  • Herbivores rely on keen senses to hunt down their prey.
  • Herbivores feed on plants while carnivores feed on other animals. (correct)
  • Herbivores are smaller in size compared to carnivores.

    • Why is it important to have a solid understanding of mathematical modeling techniques when implementing numerical methods for solving equations related to predator-prey dynamics?

  • To estimate resource availability accurately
  • To determine the effects of atmospheric pressure on ecosystems
  • To analyze population dynamics effectively (correct)
  • To predict future environmental catastrophes

    • Which of the following is an adaptation seen in carnivores?

    <p>Sharp teeth and claws for capturing prey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a simulation framework involving predator-prey relationships, what is a significant challenge when validating the results against empirical data?

    <p>Understanding the emergent properties of the ecosystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is herbivory essential for maintaining ecosystem balance?

    <p>To maintain plant population balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which form of predation does an organism consume members of its own species?

    <p>Cannibalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of simulating predator and prey populations adds complexity to the modeling process beyond interactions between predators and prey?

    <p>Resource availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When modeling a green world involving herbivores and predators, what must be accounted for besides spatial heterogeneity and habitat dynamics?

    <p>Interactions between nutrient cycling, primary production, and trophic relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary diet of a herbivore?

    <p>Plants or plant materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'rNprey' represent in the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model equation for the prey?

    <p>Prey's intrinsic growth rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parameter in the Lotka-Volterra equations determines how many prey are captured by each predator?

    <p>Capture efficiency or predation rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'acNpredNprey' represent in the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model equation for the predators?

    <p>Predator's capture efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Lotka-Volterra equations, what does 'mNpred' signify for the predator population?

    <p>Predator's mortality rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect do the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model equations focus on?

    <p>Dynamics of predator-prey relationships in ecosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes an interaction where one species benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed?

    <p>Commensalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of parasites lives inside the body of the host?

    <p>Endoparasite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of a holoparasite?

    <p>Completely reliant on host for nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes an organism that carries and transmits a parasite to a host?

    <p>Vector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens at the end of a parasitoidism interaction?

    <p>The host dies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the parameter 'r' represent in the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model equations?

    <p>Intrinsic growth rate of the prey population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is an increase in prey population (Nprey) most likely to affect the predator population (Npred) in the L-V predator-prey model?

    <p>Increase due to more food availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pair of scientists independently developed the Lotka-Volterra equations in the early 20th century?

    <p>Alfred J. Lotka and Vito Volterra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the L-V predator-prey model, what does parameter 'm' represent?

    <p>Death rate of predators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are changes in predator and prey populations regulated according to the Lotka-Volterra equations?

    <p>By the dynamics of the predator-prey interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of many predator-prey interactions in nature?

    <p>Cyclic fluctuations in population sizes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a symbiotic relationship, which type involves both organisms benefiting from the interaction?

    <p>Mutualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor represents the birth rate of predators in a predator-prey system?

    <p>acNpredNpreyacNpredNprey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of interaction describes one organism benefiting at the expense of another organism?

    <p>Parasitism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a close and long-term interaction between two different species living together?

    <p>Symbiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why the world appears green?

    <p>Absorption of red and blue light by chlorophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is crucial for plants to convert light energy into chemical energy?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what life stages does cannibalism commonly occur?

    <p>Larvae consuming other larvae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pigment is crucial for photosynthesis?

    <p>Chlorophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does predation influence ecosystems?

    <p>Shapes ecosystems and maintains biodiversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interactions are fundamental aspects of ecological interactions?

    <p>Herbivory, carnivory, cannibalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organisms are responsible for the conversion of light energy in photosynthesis?

    <p>Plants, algae, cyanobacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does chlorophyll contribute to plants appearing green?

    <p>Reflecting green light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chlorophyll in plants?

    <p>Conversion of sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the act of juveniles consuming weaker members of their own species?

    <p>Cannibalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

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