lecture 14- ecology
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Questions and Answers

What is a key factor that must be considered when simulating a green world with herbivores and predators?

  • Competition among herbivores (correct)
  • Effects of temperature on predator-prey interactions
  • Stability of predator populations
  • Cost of ecological restoration

What distinguishes herbivory from carnivory in terms of diet?

  • Herbivores have adaptations like sharp teeth and claws for capturing prey.
  • Herbivores rely on keen senses to hunt down their prey.
  • Herbivores feed on plants while carnivores feed on other animals. (correct)
  • Herbivores are smaller in size compared to carnivores.

Why is it important to have a solid understanding of mathematical modeling techniques when implementing numerical methods for solving equations related to predator-prey dynamics?

  • To estimate resource availability accurately
  • To determine the effects of atmospheric pressure on ecosystems
  • To analyze population dynamics effectively (correct)
  • To predict future environmental catastrophes

Which of the following is an adaptation seen in carnivores?

<p>Sharp teeth and claws for capturing prey (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a simulation framework involving predator-prey relationships, what is a significant challenge when validating the results against empirical data?

<p>Understanding the emergent properties of the ecosystem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is herbivory essential for maintaining ecosystem balance?

<p>To maintain plant population balance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which form of predation does an organism consume members of its own species?

<p>Cannibalism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of simulating predator and prey populations adds complexity to the modeling process beyond interactions between predators and prey?

<p>Resource availability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When modeling a green world involving herbivores and predators, what must be accounted for besides spatial heterogeneity and habitat dynamics?

<p>Interactions between nutrient cycling, primary production, and trophic relationships (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary diet of a herbivore?

<p>Plants or plant materials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'rNprey' represent in the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model equation for the prey?

<p>Prey's intrinsic growth rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parameter in the Lotka-Volterra equations determines how many prey are captured by each predator?

<p>Capture efficiency or predation rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'acNpredNprey' represent in the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model equation for the predators?

<p>Predator's capture efficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Lotka-Volterra equations, what does 'mNpred' signify for the predator population?

<p>Predator's mortality rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect do the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model equations focus on?

<p>Dynamics of predator-prey relationships in ecosystems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes an interaction where one species benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed?

<p>Commensalism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of parasites lives inside the body of the host?

<p>Endoparasite (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of a holoparasite?

<p>Completely reliant on host for nutrients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes an organism that carries and transmits a parasite to a host?

<p>Vector (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens at the end of a parasitoidism interaction?

<p>The host dies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the parameter 'r' represent in the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model equations?

<p>Intrinsic growth rate of the prey population (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is an increase in prey population (Nprey) most likely to affect the predator population (Npred) in the L-V predator-prey model?

<p>Increase due to more food availability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pair of scientists independently developed the Lotka-Volterra equations in the early 20th century?

<p>Alfred J. Lotka and Vito Volterra (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the L-V predator-prey model, what does parameter 'm' represent?

<p>Death rate of predators (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are changes in predator and prey populations regulated according to the Lotka-Volterra equations?

<p>By the dynamics of the predator-prey interaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of many predator-prey interactions in nature?

<p>Cyclic fluctuations in population sizes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a symbiotic relationship, which type involves both organisms benefiting from the interaction?

<p>Mutualism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor represents the birth rate of predators in a predator-prey system?

<p>acNpredNpreyacNpredNprey (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of interaction describes one organism benefiting at the expense of another organism?

<p>Parasitism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a close and long-term interaction between two different species living together?

<p>Symbiosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why the world appears green?

<p>Absorption of red and blue light by chlorophyll (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is crucial for plants to convert light energy into chemical energy?

<p>Photosynthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what life stages does cannibalism commonly occur?

<p>Larvae consuming other larvae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pigment is crucial for photosynthesis?

<p>Chlorophyll (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does predation influence ecosystems?

<p>Shapes ecosystems and maintains biodiversity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which interactions are fundamental aspects of ecological interactions?

<p>Herbivory, carnivory, cannibalism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organisms are responsible for the conversion of light energy in photosynthesis?

<p>Plants, algae, cyanobacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does chlorophyll contribute to plants appearing green?

<p>Reflecting green light (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chlorophyll in plants?

<p>Conversion of sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the act of juveniles consuming weaker members of their own species?

<p>Cannibalism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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