Silver Bunionectomy: Soft Tissue Procedures

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Questions and Answers

In the context of bunion surgery, what is the most critical consideration regarding the orientation of the saw during a Silver bunionectomy to prevent potential avascular necrosis?

  • Creating a sharp angle distally to intentionally compress the cancellous bone and stimulate osteogenesis.
  • Angling the cut to maximize resection of the medial eminence, even if it compromises the tibial sesamoid articulation to ensure complete cosmetic correction.
  • Maintaining a precise angle to preserve the medial groove, thereby safeguarding the tibial sesamoid articulation, the disruption of which can lead to avascular necrosis. (correct)
  • Ensuring the cut is perpendicular to the long axis of the metatarsal to maximize bone contact for re-vascularization.

What is the MOST significant biomechanical implication of 'staking' the metatarsal head during a Silver bunionectomy regarding long-term foot function?

  • Enhancement of the windlass mechanism.
  • Stabilization of the first ray to prevent hypermobility.
  • Increased risk of hallux varus deformity due to disruption of sesamoid articulation. (correct)
  • Reduction of the intermetatarsal angle (IMA) by medially translating the capital fragment.

In the context of a true McBride bunionectomy, if the adductor hallucis tendon is transferred to the first metatarsal, what is the MOST immediate and critical biomechanical consequence?

  • It changes the force vector acting on the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ), affecting sesamoid tracking and potentially correcting hallux abductovalgus. (correct)
  • It increases the risk of iatrogenic hallux limitus by dorsiflexing the proximal phalanx.
  • It enhances the mechanical advantage of the abductor hallucis, promoting hallux valgus recurrence.
  • It alters the functional relationship of the flexor hallucis longus, leading to plantar fasciitis.

What is the primary biomechanical rationale for performing a medial capsulorrhaphy as part of bunion correction, considering its impact on joint stability and alignment?

<p>To counterbalance lateral soft tissue contractures and restore medial stability to prevent recurrence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When considering a proximal phalangeal osteotomy (Akin procedure), what is the MOST critical pre-operative radiographic parameter to evaluate to determine its appropriateness and predict its efficacy?

<p>The degree of hallux interphalangeus and distal articular set angle (DASA). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST important consideration when deciding between a distal, oblique diaphyseal osteotomy or proximal Akin procedure, considering the correction of specific radiographic angles?

<p>The magnitude and nature of the hallux abductus interphalangeus angle (HAI) or distal articular set angle (DASA). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Reverdin-Laird osteotomy differ fundamentally from the Reverdin-Green osteotomy in the context of hallux valgus correction, particularly concerning sesamoid articulation and capital fragment translation?

<p>The Reverdin-Laird involves a complete osteotomy allowing for translation of the capital fragment, while the Reverdin-Green spares the sesamoid articulation by leaving the lateral cortex intact (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of distal metatarsal osteotomies (DMOs), what is the PRIMARY advantage of a biplanar osteotomy, such as a biplanar Austin, over a uniplanar osteotomy in addressing hallux valgus deformity?

<p>Simultaneous correction of transverse plane (IMA) and sagittal plane (plantarflexion/dorsiflexion) malalignment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST crucial distinction between a unicorrectional and a bicorrectional distal metatarsal osteotomy (DMO) in the management of hallux valgus, with specific regard to the planes of correction achieved?

<p>Bicorrectional DMOs can address two distinct elements within the <strong>same</strong> plane of deformity, whereas unicorrectional DMOs are limited to a <strong>single</strong> correction factor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What parameter does the Youngswick-Austin osteotomy address and how does it uniquely contribute biomechanically and anatomically to the correction of hallux valgus?

<p>It specifically corrects a sagittal plane deformity by plantarflexing and shortening an elevated first metatarsal and reduces the IMA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the biomechanical application of a Kalish Osteotomy, as a metatarsal shaft osteotomy, distinguish itself from a traditional Austin osteotomy, particularly in terms of PASA correction and fixation stability?

<p>The Kalish Osteotomy, owing to its long arm configuration, inherently precludes PASA correction, while the Austin Osteotomy can be modified to address PASA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST significant biomechanical rationale for employing a Scarf osteotomy in hallux valgus correction, particularly when contrasting its utility with distal metatarsal osteotomies (DMOs) in the context of intermetatarsal angle (IMA) reduction?

<p>The Scarf osteotomy offers superior correction of higher IMAs due to its greater potential for translation and rotation compared to DMOs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within the context of metatarsal shaft osteotomies, what is the clinical relevance of 'troughing' as a specific complication associated with the traditional Scarf osteotomy?

<p>Troughing refers to the creation of a plantar-based bone void that can result in elevation of the capital fragment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST critical biomechanical advantage of the Lapidus procedure (first metatarsal-cuneiform arthrodesis) in the context of hallux valgus correction, particularly in cases with hypermobility of the first ray?

<p>Triplanar correction capability including stabilization of the tarsometatarsal joint and correction of transverse plane (IMA), sagittal plane (met primus elevatus), and frontal plane (metatarsal rotation) deformities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications for weight-bearing and joint biomechanics associated with a first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) fusion, considering the alteration of normal foot function?

<p>Elimination of motion at the MTPJ, which redirects stress to adjacent joints and changes the windlass mechanism. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the scenario of iatrogenic hallux varus following hallux valgus correction, what is the biomechanical rationale for considering a reverse distal metatarsal osteotomy (DMO)?

<p>To laterally translate the metatarsal head, correcting the adduction and negative intermetatarsal angle (IMA). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most detrimental effect of 'staking' of the metatarsal head due to violation of the sagittal groove?

<p>Hallux Varus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Concerning the biomechanical function of the foot, identify the most detrimental result of complete resection, rather than release, of the fibular sesamoid?

<p>Hallux Varus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Reefing/plication of the medial joint capsule during closure assist with bunion correction?

<p>Tightening of stretched or weakened tissues by folding the excess in tucks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

With respect to proximal phalanx osteotomies, what is a 'cheater Akin'?

<p>An Akin osteotomy that requires further correction following an initial procedure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What parameter is corrected by distal akin osteotomies?

<p>Hallux Abductus Interphalangeus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

With respect to distal metatarsal osteotomies, what does biplanar correction refer to?

<p>transverse plane &amp; sagittal plane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What angular plane cannot be corrected with Distal Metatarsal Osteotomies?

<p>Frontal plane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Reverdin osteotomy corrects ____, while violating ____.

<p>Distal Metatarsal Articular Angle, Sesamoid Articulations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

With respect to a Reverdin-Green osteotomy, what anatomical structure is spared, and what parameter is improved?

<p>Sesamoid Articulations, PASA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Austin (Chevron) Osteotomy corrects ____ angle.

<p>Intermetatarsal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Youngswick-Austin osteotomy is useful for long and ____ elevated 1st metatarsals.

<p>Mildly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Kalish osteotomy is a ____ Austin.

<p>Long Arm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Scarf osteotomy, originating from carpentry principles, is particularly controversial given its questionable utility when compared to _____.

<p>Distal Metatarsal Osteotomy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Non-unions following a Lapidus procedure are the result of a dorsiflexory force also known as...

<p>Lever Arm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hallux Varus can be a result of overcorrection of HAV, or obtain a mechanical advantage, overpowering structures of the lateral column and result in...

<p>Iatrogenic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Soft tissue procedures used to correct structural deformity will result in...

<p>Over-correction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be used to treat for Iatrogenic hallux varus?

<p>Reverse DMO (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of a Silver Bunionectomy, which of the following is true?

<p>It has minimal utility as an isolated procedure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a step found in a 'true' McBride bunionectomy but NOT typically included in a 'modified' version?

<p>Excision of the fibular sesamoid. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What intraoperative measure is crucial for a successful Silver bunionectomy?

<p>Preserving the medial groove to protect the tibial sesamoid articulation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a Silver bunionectomy, which anatomical relationship warrants the most meticulous attention during medial eminence resection to avert iatrogenic complications?

<p>The preservation of the medial groove's structural integrity to maintain the hallucal sesamoid articulation and prevent 'staking' of the metatarsal head. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific alteration in the intrinsic biomechanics of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) is MOST likely to arise due to 'staking' during a Silver bunionectomy?

<p>An iatrogenic induction of hallux varus, characterized by medial deviation of the hallux and potential compromise of the lateral soft tissue restraints. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of a 'true' McBride bunionectomy, what is the MOST immediate biomechanical consequence of transferring the adductor hallucis tendon to the first metatarsal neck?

<p>Alteration of the transverse plane forces acting on the first MTPJ, potentially contributing to iatrogenic hallux varus if over-corrected. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What represents the MOST critical biomechanical objective of performing a medial capsulorrhaphy during bunion correction?

<p>To facilitate restoration of transverse plane alignment and reinforce medial stability of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prior to performing a proximal phalangeal osteotomy (Akin procedure), what radiographic parameter should be assessed with the HIGHEST degree of scrutiny, considering its direct influence on procedure selection and expected outcome?

<p>The hallux abductus interphalangeus angle (HAI) to determine the extent of angular correction achievable at the proximal phalanx. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When contemplating the choice between a distal oblique diaphyseal osteotomy versus a proximal Akin procedure for hallux valgus correction, what is the MOST pivotal factor influencing the decision-making process?

<p>The relative contribution of the distal articular set angle (DASA) versus hallux abductus interphalangeus angle (HAI) to determine the magnitude of angular correction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Reverdin-Laird osteotomy uniquely differ from the Reverdin-Green osteotomy concerning sesamoid articulation and capital fragment translation during hallux valgus correction?

<p>While the Reverdin-Green preserves sesamoid articulation by design, the Reverdin-Laird incorporates a complete osteotomy enabling translation of the capital fragment for enhanced intermetatarsal angle (IMA) correction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of distal metatarsal osteotomies (DMOs), what is the PRIMARY biomechanical advantage of a biplanar osteotomy, such as a biplanar Austin, over a uniplanar osteotomy in addressing hallux valgus deformity?

<p>Superior correction of the hallux valgus angle (HVA) and intermetatarsal angle (IMA) through simultaneous manipulation in both the transverse and sagittal planes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What represents the MOST critical distinction between a unicorrectional and a bicorrectional distal metatarsal osteotomy (DMO) in the management of hallux valgus?

<p>Unicorrectional osteotomies address a single plane of deformity, while bicorrectional osteotomies allow for simultaneous correction in two planes, such as transverse and sagittal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific aspect of hallux valgus deformity does the Youngswick-Austin osteotomy uniquely address, and how does this contribute biomechanically to overall correction?

<p>It simultaneously corrects the intermetatarsal angle (IMA) and mitigates plantar gapping through intrinsic shortening and plantarflexion of the first metatarsal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a Kalish osteotomy, as a metatarsal shaft osteotomy, distinguish itself biomechanically from a traditional Austin osteotomy, specifically concerning proximal articular set angle (PASA) correction and fixation stability?

<p>The Kalish osteotomy, being a long-arm Austin variant, achieves superior intermetatarsal angle (IMA) reduction but inherently compromises PASA correction, often necessitating adjunctive procedures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST significant biomechanical rationale for employing a Scarf osteotomy in hallux valgus correction, especially when contrasting its utility with distal metatarsal osteotomies (DMOs) regarding intermetatarsal angle (IMA) reduction?

<p>The Scarf osteotomy inherently incorporates a translational component, allowing for superior IMA reduction compared to the rotational capacity offered by DMOs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST critical biomechanical advantage of the Lapidus procedure (first metatarsal-cuneiform arthrodesis) in the context of hallux valgus correction, notably in cases exhibiting hypermobility of the first ray?

<p>The Lapidus procedure addresses triplanar deformity by stabilizing the medial column and eliminating abnormal motion at the tarsometatarsal joint. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What represents the MOST significant implication for weight-bearing and overall joint biomechanics following a first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) fusion?

<p>Ablation of MTPJ motion and subsequent reduction in the body's capacity for shock attenuation during terminal stance phase of gait. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the scenario of iatrogenic hallux varus following hallux valgus correction, what is the rationale underlying the utilization of a reverse distal metatarsal osteotomy (DMO)?

<p>To biomechanically realign the first metatarsal head laterally, thereby reducing the mechanical advantage of the medial soft tissue structures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Following a Silver bunionectomy, what represents THE most deleterious outcome stemming directly from 'staking' of the metatarsal head?

<p>Iatrogenic disruption of the sagittal groove of the metatarsal head, resulting in biomechanical imbalance and increased risk of hallux varus deformity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regarding the biomechanical consequences of sesamoid management in forefoot surgery, which outcome presents THE most significant detriment following complete resection, versus release, of the fibular sesamoid?

<p>A notable reduction in the effective surface area available for weight-bearing under the metatarsal head, potentially leading to transfer metatarsalgia. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does reefing/plication of the medial joint capsule during closure MOST directly contribute to bunion correction?

<p>By decreasing the functional intra-articular volume of the MTPJ, enhancing joint stability and correcting transverse plane deformity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within the context of proximal phalanx osteotomies for hallux abductus interphalangeus correction, what is the MOST precise definition of a 'cheater Akin'?

<p>Refers to a proximal phalangeal osteotomy exhibiting incomplete or inadequate angular correction, requiring further corrective measures postoperatively. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific angular plane is MOST effectively corrected via distal Akin osteotomies?

<p>The hallux interphalangeus angle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

With respect to distal metatarsal osteotomies (DMOs), what does 'biplanar correction' MOST precisely denote?

<p>Simultaneous correction within the transverse plane and sagittal plane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which specific angular deformity CANNOT be intrinsically corrected through the implementation of distal metatarsal osteotomies (DMOs)?

<p>Frontal plane deformity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Reverdin osteotomy primarily corrects ____, while intrinsically violating ____.

<p>The distal articular set angle (DASA); the sesamoid articulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

With respect to a Reverdin-Green osteotomy, what anatomical structure is intentionally spared, and what primary parameter is improved?

<p>The sesamoid articulation; the distal articular set angle (DASA). (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Austin (Chevron) osteotomy is primarily designed to correct which specific angular measurement related to hallux valgus deformity?

<p>Intermetatarsal Angle (IMA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Youngswick-Austin osteotomy is particularly indicated for which specific combination of 1st metatarsal characteristics?

<p>Long and mildly elevated. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Kalish osteotomy, characterized as a 'long arm' variation of the Austin osteotomy, is principally distinguished by what characteristics?

<p>Its enhanced capability to achieve substantial intermetatarsal angle (IMA) reduction, at the expense of PASA correction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Scarf osteotomy, originally derived from carpentry techniques, encounters controversy due to its questionable utility in comparison to what?

<p>Distal metatarsal osteotomies (DMOs), when correcting structural PASA and DASA deformities that require multiplanar correction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Non-unions following a Lapidus procedure are most frequently attributable to what biomechanical force acting at the fusion site?

<p>Dorsiflexory force (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hallux Varus can develop following hallux valgus correction due to overpowering structures of the lateral column, and creating a new mechanical advantage on the medial side. This result is mostly attributed to what action?

<p>Overcorrection of the hallux abductus angle (HAA). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Soft tissue procedures utilized to rectify structural deformity are most likely to result in what outcome?

<p>Under-correction or over-correction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What surgical intervention is MOST specifically indicated for the management of iatrogenic hallux varus subsequent to hallux valgus correction?

<p>Reverse distal metatarsal osteotomy (DMO). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of a Silver bunionectomy, which statement is MOST accurate?

<p>It primarily addresses the medial eminence without correcting underlying deformity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What surgical step is characteristically included in a 'true' McBride bunionectomy, but NOT typically included in a 'modified' version?

<p>Excision of the fibular sesamoid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of hallux valgus surgery, what biomechanical consequence is most likely to arise from 'staking' the metatarsal head during a Silver bunionectomy, necessitating meticulous preservation of anatomical integrity?

<p>Elevated probability of iatrogenic hallux varus secondary to medial soft tissue compromise. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A Silver bunionectomy, when performed in isolation, definitively addresses the underlying deformity that leads to hallux valgus by correcting the intermetatarsal angle (IMA).

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What crucial anatomical structure must be meticulously preserved during a Silver bunionectomy to mitigate the risk of destabilizing the first metatarsophalangeal joint and predisposing it to degenerative changes?

<p>The tibial sesamoid articulation within the medial groove. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of soft tissue procedures for hallux valgus correction, which of the following accurately describes a critical distinction between a true McBride bunionectomy and a modified McBride bunionectomy?

<p>A true McBride involves excision of the fibular sesamoid, whereas a modified McBride includes division of the fibular sesamoid suspensory ligament. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A McBride bunionectomy comprehensively corrects frontal plane deformity of the metatarsal, mitigating the need for additional procedures targeting rotational malalignment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately characterizes the purpose and technique of medial capsulorrhaphy as an adjunct procedure in hallux valgus surgery?

<p>It is designed to tighten the stretched or weakened medial joint capsule through reefing or plication. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within the context of proximal phalangeal osteotomies for hallux valgus correction, what critical distinction defines a 'cheater' Akin procedure, and what ramifications does this characteristic have for comprehensive deformity correction?

<p>A 'cheater' Akin necessitates further correction following the initial procedure due to its limited scope. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An Akin osteotomy is exclusively performed at one specific region of the proximal phalanx regardless of the specific deformity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary biomechanical advantage of an oblique Akin osteotomy compared to a traditional proximal Akin osteotomy in addressing hallux abducto valgus?

<p>An oblique Akin facilitates placement of a screw across the osteotomy site for enhanced fixation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Distal Metatarsal Osteotomies (DMO) are versatile procedures. However, what specific plane of deformity remains unaddressed by traditional DMO techniques, potentially necessitating supplementary procedures?

<p>Frontal plane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When considering distal metatarsal osteotomies (DMO) for the correction of hallux valgus, what crucial biomechanical factor dictates the selection of an appropriate DMO technique, influencing stability and long-term outcomes?

<p>The width of the metatarsal shaft at the osteotomy site. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What biomechanical principle distinguishes a biplanar Austin osteotomy from its uniplanar counterpart in the context of hallux valgus surgery, and how does this distinction influence the resultant clinical outcome?

<p>A biplanar Austin allows for correction in both the transverse and sagittal planes, while a uniplanar Austin is limited to one plane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A Reverdin osteotomy inherently corrects the intermetatarsal angle (IMA) due to its specific design and execution.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical modification distinguishes the Reverdin-Green osteotomy from the original Reverdin osteotomy, and how does this alteration impact the biomechanics and potential complications of the procedure?

<p>The Reverdin-Green spares the sesamoid articulations, unlike the Reverdin which violates them. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following modifications differentiates the Reverdin-Laird osteotomy from the standard Reverdin osteotomy, expanding its utility in comprehensive hallux valgus correction?

<p>The Reverdin-Laird allows for translation of the capital fragment, enabling correction of both PASA and IMA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical significance of plantarflexion and shortening achieved through the Youngswick-Austin osteotomy in the context of first ray biomechanics, and under what specific circumstances is this technique particularly advantageous?

<p>It helps offload pressure under the 2nd metatarsal, thus it is useful for long mildly elevated first metatarsals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technical attribute most distinguishes the Kalish osteotomy from a standard Austin osteotomy, and how does this feature influence fixation strategies and overall stability?

<p>The Kalish osteotomy involves a longer arm, facilitating the use of two screws for enhanced fixation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A Kalish osteotomy is the best technique to correct the proximal articular set angle (PASA) due to its inherent geometric properties.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The SCARF osteotomy utilizes a carpentry term. What specific characteristic of the SCARF does that term then imply?

<p>The SCARF involves interlocking fragments due to its stepped cut. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern regarding the utility of a SCARF osteotomy compared to a distal metatarsal osteotomy (DMO), specifically regarding the intermetatarsal angle (IMA) correction?

<p>A SCARF's ability to correct <em>high</em> IMAs may be better than DMO. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential complication should a surgeon be most vigilant for when performing a traditional SCARF osteotomy, particularly in relation to the capital fragment's position?

<p>Troughing leading to Elevation of the capital fragment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the triplanar components in a Lapidus procedure?

<p>Transverse Plane, Sagittal Plane, Frontal Plane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Lapidus procedure, while effective for bunion correction, carries a reduced risk of complications compared to distal metatarsal osteotomies due to its inherent stability.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What biomechanical consideration is paramount when performing a first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) fusion with internal fixation, especially in the context of allowing for earlier weight-bearing?

<p>The positioning of the great toe. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

First MTPJ fusion is typically recommended as a primary procedure for hallux valgus correction regardless of the patient's age or severity of the deformity due to its predictable outcomes and minimal risk profile.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common etiology for a iatrogenic hallux varus?

<p>Excessive medial capslorrhaphy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the management of iatrogenic hallux varus, which of the following situations require fusion for long term success?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When choosing between Under correcting and over correcting a bunion, hallux abduction angle, what is the best choice?

<p>Always go with Under correction rather than over correction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each distal metatarsal osteotomy with their attribute.

<p>Reverdin = Corrects PASA Austin = Corrects IMA Reverdin-Green = Spares the sesamoids Youngswick-Austin = Plantarflexion and shortening</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'plicated capsule'

<p>tightening of stretched or weakened tissues by folding the excess in tucks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When resecting the medial eminence, be sure to preserve the ______ groove

<p>medial</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of soft tissue bunionectomies, what procedure typically realigns the sesamoids?

<p>McBride (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Silver bunionectomy should be considered as a powerful isolated procedure towards bunion correction.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which complication is more likely with a fibular sesamoidectomy

<p>Hallux varus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What region requires a proximal akin osteotomy

<p>The DASA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An akin will correct both Hallux Interphalangeus and the DASA angle.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a unicorrectional correction

<p>Both A and B (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of bunion surgery, a Silver bunionectomy is most appropriately indicated when the primary surgical goal is which of the following?

<p>Resection of the medial eminence of the metatarsal head to alleviate pain from shoe pressure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A 'true' McBride bunionectomy involves resection of the medial eminence, excision of the fibular sesamoid, transfer of the adductor hallucis tendon to the first metatarsal, and medial capsulorrhaphy.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the primary biomechanical rationale for performing a medial capsulorrhaphy as an adjunct to bunion correction?

<p>To enhance stability by tightening the medial capsule and prevent overcorrection into hallux varus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements reflects the critical surgical principle related to achieving proper alignment during a Silver bunionectomy?

<p>Precise resection of the medial eminence, ensuring preservation of the tibial sesamoid articulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary goal of a McBride bunionectomy is to directly correct the intermetatarsal angle (IMA) through bony resection or realignment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of reefing or plication during a medial first metatarsophalangeal joint capsulorrhaphy?

<p>To tighten the medial joint capsule by folding the excess in tucks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of proximal phalangeal osteotomies for hallux abducto valgus correction, the term 'cheater' Akin most accurately refers to:

<p>An Akin osteotomy that requires additional corrective procedures to achieve the desired final alignment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An oblique Akin osteotomy is often preferred over other Akin variations due to its ability to simultaneously correct both the DASA (Distal Articular Set Angle) and interphalangeus angle.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the primary advantage of using a biplanar Austin osteotomy in hallux valgus correction?

<p>It permits correction of the intermetatarsal angle with mild plantarflexion or dorsiflexion of the metatarsal head. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within the spectrum of Distal Metatarsal Osteotomies (DMO), what specific biomechanical trade-off is inherent in performing a Reverdin osteotomy that necessitates careful consideration during preoperative planning?

<p>While correcting the PASA, it violates the sesamoid articulation; there is no IMA correction with this procedure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the primary biomechanical consideration when selecting between different types of distal metatarsal osteotomies (DMO)?

<p>The width of the metatarsal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Distal metatarsal osteotomies (DMOs) are inherently capable of correcting frontal plane deformities associated with hallux valgus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of distal metatarsal osteotomies (DMOs), a bicorrectional osteotomy refers to a technique that achieves:

<p>Two distinct corrections in the same plane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the specific technical modification introduced in the Reverdin-Green osteotomy and explain how it addresses a limitation inherent in the original Reverdin technique.

<p>The Reverdin-Green includes a plantar cut that spares the sesamoids. The classic Reverdin can violate the sesamoid articulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When considering metatarsal shaft osteotomies for hallux valgus correction, what is the primary limitation of the Kalish osteotomy in comparison to other shaft osteotomies like the SCARF?

<p>The Kalish osteotomy cannot effectively correct the proximal articular set angle (PASA). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A SCARF osteotomy should be considered over a distal metatarsal osteotomy (DMO) in scenarios requiring higher intermetatarsal angle (IMA) correction.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Troughing, a potential complication specifically associated with the traditional scarf osteotomy, most directly leads to which of the following biomechanical consequences?

<p>Elevation of the capital fragment of the metatarsal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the triplanar correction capabilities of a Lapidus procedure, delineating the specific anatomical plane each component of the correction addresses in the context of hallux valgus.

<p>The triplanar correction addresses IMA (intermetatarsal angle), metatarsal rotation, and metatarsus primus elevatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of treating end-stage bunion deformities, what is the primary rationale for selecting a first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) fusion over other reconstructive procedures?

<p>MTPJ fusion provides predictable pain relief and eliminates motion at a severely arthritic joint. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Newer first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) fusion constructs preclude early weight-bearing protocols due to inherent instability.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios is most likely to result in iatrogenic hallux varus following hallux valgus correction?

<p>Aggressive medial capsulorrhaphy combined with fibular sesamoidectomy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Upon encountering a patient presenting with iatrogenic hallux varus following previous bunion surgery, which of the following represents a gold-standard treatment option, particularly in cases with significant joint instability or pain?

<p>First metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) fusion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a Silver bunionectomy, failing to maintain the proper orientation of the saw can result in 'staking' of the metatarsal head, which violates the medial groove and increases the risk of ______.

<p>hallux varus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why has fibular sesamoidectomy fallen out of favor as a routine component of McBride bunionectomy?

<p>It increases the risk of hallux varus deformity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following surgical procedures with their primary corrective focus in hallux valgus surgery:

<p>Silver Bunionectomy = Resection of the medial eminence of the metatarsal head. McBride Bunionectomy = Rebalancing the soft tissue structures of the first MTPJ. Akin Osteotomy = Structural deformity within the proximal phalanx. Reverdin Osteotomy = Correction of PASA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A 46-year-old female presents with left bunion pain and a severe HAV deformity with a hypermobile first ray. She has tried changing shoe gear and custom orthotics, which did not help. Her ROM of the hallux is track-bound without crepitus. Which of the following procedures is the MOST appropriate?

<p>Lapidus Procedure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A 42-year-old female presents with right bunion pain and a severe HAV deformity with a hypermobile first ray. She reports her conservative measures have failed. Her PMH is significant for history of gastric bypass surgery. Her ROM of the hallux is tracking without crepitus. Prior to electing for surgery, what further workup is MOST appropriate?:

<p>Blood work to assess vitamin D and B12 levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A 68-year-old female presents for evaluation and treatment of a painful bunion deformity and needs to take care of her cats. Exam reveals palpable pulses with instantaneous CRT. Which of the following surgical plans would be MOST appropriate?

<p>First MTPJ fusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a patient undergoing hallux valgus correction, what specific anatomical plane's malalignment is addressed by performing a transverse plane correction during a Lapidus procedure?

<p>Intermetatarsal angle</p> Signup and view all the answers

When performing a Silver bunionectomy, what anatomical structure MUST be preserved to avoid potentially destabilizing the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ)?

<p>Tibial sesamoid articulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Performing a fibular sesamoidectomy in a modified McBride bunionectomy offers distinct advantages in directly addressing the intermetatarsal angle (IMA).

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regarding medial first MTPJ capsulorrhaphy, what is the nautical analog that helps illustrate the concept of reefing and its intended effect on the medial joint capsule?

<p>Folding a sail to reduce surface area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Soft Tissue Procedures

Soft tissue procedures performed with or without resection of the medial eminence.

Proximal Phalangeal Osteotomy

Osteotomy performed on the proximal phalanx to correct hallux abductus interphalangeus.

Distal Metatarsal Osteotomy

Osteotomy performed on the distal metatarsal to correct hallux valgus.

Shaft/Diaphyseal Osteotomies

Osteotomies performed on the shaft of the metatarsal to correct hallux valgus.

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First Metatarsal Cuneiform Joint Arthrodesis (Lapidus)

Fusion of the first metatarsal and cuneiform joint, often to correct hypermobility.

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First Metatarsal Phalangeal Joint Arthrodesis

Fusion of the first metatarsal phalangeal joint, typically as salvage for arthritis.

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Juvenile Bunionectomy

Bunionectomy tailored for younger patients, addressing both bone and soft tissue issues.

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Silver Bunionectomy

Bunionectomy involving removing the medial eminence without addressing the IMA

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McBride Bunionectomy

Soft tissue rebalancing procedure to derotate the toe and align the sesamoid apparatus.

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Modified McBride Bunionectomy

Modified version of the McBride procedure, often adjunct to other techniques.

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Medial Capsulorrhaphy

Tightening of medial joint capsule, during closure often with reefing.

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Akin Osteotomy

Osteotomy performed on the phalanx, described by region.

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Distal Akin

Osteotomy at the distal phalanx region.

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Oblique Akin

Osteotomy at the oblique region, often for screw placement.

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Proximal Akin

Osteotomy at the proximal region, correcting DASA.

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Distal Metatarsal Osteotomies (DMO)

Osteotomies performed on the distal metatarsal varying on width.

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Reverdin Osteotomy

DMO to correct PASA of distal metatarsal with lateral cortex intact.

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Reverdin-Green

DMO to correct PASA of distal metatarsal with lateral cortex preserved

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Reverdin-Laird Osteotomy

Correct PASA and IMA; can translate carital fragment.

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Austin (Chevron) Osteotomy

Chevron osteotomy to correct IMA

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Biplanar Austin

Corrects IMA with plantar flexion

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Bicorrectional Austin

Corrects PASA and IMA; difficult to perform.

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Youngswick-Austin

Osteotomy that helps plantar flex long metatarsals while shortening them.

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Kalish Osteotomy

Long arm Austin shaft osteotomy.

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SCARF

Carpentry term bone bone to correct IMA

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Lapidus

Triplanar correction.

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Hallux Varus

Correction of Hallux Varus by over powering lateral strctures.

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Iatrogenic Hallux Varus

Hallux Varus Iatrogenic over correction.

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Metatarsal Shaft Osteotomies

Osteotomy performed on the metatarsal shaft

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Silver Bunionectomy appropriate use

The goal is to remove the medial prominence only.

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Silver Bunionectomy saw palcement

Orient saw to preserve the groove

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McBride Bunionectomy action

Rebalancing soft tissues around the first MTPJ

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Medial Capsulorrhaphy action

Tightening the joint capsule

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Akin Osteotomy target

Structural deformity within the hallux itself

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Distal Metatarsal Osteotomies length

DMO adjustment to metatarsal length

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Distal Metatarsal Osteotomies benefit.

Lengthening 1st metatarsal.

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1st MTPJ Fusion Considerations

Correction and appropriate candidate selection.

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Hallux Varus Treatment options

Reverse DMO, Akin procedures.

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Troughing impact

Specific complication of the traditional scarf

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Study Notes

  • Bunion surgery is categorized into soft tissue procedures, proximal phalangeal osteotomy, distal metatarsal osteotomy (DMO), shaft/diaphyseal osteotomies, first metatarsal cuneiform joint arthrodesis (Lapidus), first metatarsal phalangeal joint arthrodesis, and juvenile bunionectomy

Soft Tissue Procedures

  • Examples include Silver, McBride, and Modified McBride bunionectomies, and medial capsulorrhaphy

Silver Bunionectomy

  • Resects the medial eminence of the metatarsal head
  • Does not correct deformity
  • There is no reduction of the IMA
  • Postoperative care involves protection of the incision, generally with immediate weight-bearing in a postoperative shoe
  • It has minimal utility as an isolated procedure
  • Appropriate if the goal is only to remove the medial prominence
  • Weakening medial structures may accelerate recurrence
  • Critical to properly orient the saw when resecting the medial eminence
  • An important point is the preservation of the medial groove (tibial sesamoid articulation)
  • "Staking" the head should be avoided
  • Violates the medial groove, which increases the risk of hallux varus

McBride Bunionectomy

  • Rebalances the soft tissue structures of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ)
  • Involves derotation of the toe
  • Does not correct frontal plane deformity in the metatarsal
  • Seeks to align the sesamoid apparatus but may include removing or reducing tracking
  • Rarely an isolated procedure
  • Typically performed as an adjunct procedure with other techniques
  • A true McBride bunionectomy consists of: Resection of the medial eminence, Excision of the fibular sesamoid, Transfer of the adductor hallucis tendon to the first metatarsal and Medial capsulorrhaphy
  • Fibular sesamoidectomy has fallen out of favor because of increased risk of hallux varus

Modified McBride Bunionectomy Steps

  • Removal of medial eminence, if needed, with blunt dissection down to the lateral MTPJ capsule
  • Release or transfer of adductor hallucis tendon
  • Division of the fibular sesamoid suspensory ligament
  • Division of the transverse metatarsal ligament

Medial First MTPJ Capsulorrhaphy

  • Reefing/plication of the medial joint capsule occurs during closure
  • Reefing is a nautical term that refers to folding a sail to reduce its surface area as a safety precaution in strong winds
  • Plication involves tightening stretched or weakened tissues by folding excess in tucks
  • Excision of redundant capsule
  • Not an isolated procedure

Proximal Phalangeal Osteotomies

  • Examples include Distal Akin, Oblique Akin, and Proximal Akin
  • Originally described by Akin in 1925
  • The original procedure included resecting the medial eminence of the first metatarsal head, the medial base of the proximal phalanx, and medial closing base wedge phalangeal osteotomy

Akin Osteotomy

  • Region the osteotomy is performed is how it is described
  • Region depends on the deformity
  • Abnormal DASA = Proximal Akin
  • Abnormal interphalangeus angle = Distal Akin
  • Some consider it a "cheater" osteotomy and indicates that further correction is needed following the initial procedure
  • Hallux interphalangeus and hallux abductus interphalangeus are structural deformities within the hallux
  • Normal interphalangeus angle is 10°
  • Distal Akin corrects interphalangeus
  • The oblique akin is popular due to ability to place a screw across the osteotomy
  • Can correct DASA and interphalangeus
  • It is a common "cheater" Akin
  • Proximal Akin corrects abnormal DASA and is a common "cheater" Akin

Distal Metatarsal Osteotomies (DMO)

  • Specific DMO used is dependent on metatarsal width
  • Demonstrates versatility with uniplanar, biplanar, unicorrectional, and bicorrectional correction
  • Biplane involves transverse plane and sagittal plane of correction
  • Does not correct frontal plane deformity
  • Metatarsal length can be adjusted
  • Lengthening
  • Neutral
  • Shortening

Reverdin Osteotomy

  • Corrects PASA
  • Maintains the lateral cortex intact (hinge)
  • Violates the sesamoid articulations
  • No IMA correction

Reverdin-Green Osteotomy

  • Corrects PASA
  • Lateral cortex kept intact (hinge)
  • Spares the sesamoid articulations
  • No IMA correction

Reverdin-Laird Osteotomy

  • Can correct PASA (wedge is optional)
  • Corrects IMA
  • Complete osteotomy that allows for translation of the capital fragments
  • Spares the sesamoid articulations

Austin (Chevron) osteotomy

  • Corrects IMA

Biplanar Austin

  • Corrects IMA
  • Allows for mild plantarflexion

Bicorrectional Austin

  • Corrects PASA and IMA
  • Technically difficult

Youngswick-Austin

  • Corrects IMA
  • Plantarflexion and shortening
  • Useful for long & mildly elevated 1st metatarsals

Metatarsal Shaft Osteotomies

  • Two common types: Kalish-Austin and Scarf procedure

Kalish Osteotomy

  • Considered a long arm Austin
  • Cannot correct PASA
  • Screw placement is easier as it can use 2 screws

SCARF

  • Carpentry term that refers to a scarf joint
  • Corrects IMA and PASA
  • Utility over a DMO is controversial
  • Some believe it can correct higher IMAs than a DMO
  • Dependent on metatarsal width, same as a DMO
  • Troughing is a specific complication of the traditional scarf that causes elevation of the capital fragment

Metatarsal Cuneiform Fusion (Lapidus)

  • Most versatile of all bunion procedures as it is capable of triplanar correction: transverse plane (IMA), sagittal plane (Met primus elevatus), frontal plane (Metatarsal rotation
  • It has a higher risk of complications: nerve entrapment and non-union
  • A lever arm creates a dorsiflexory force at the fusion site
  • Traditionally non-weight bearing for 6-8 weeks
  • Used to address triplanar deformity

First MTPJ Fusion

  • Research suggests it may be more appropriate in older patients, even with a non-arthritic joint
  • Treatment of choice for an “end-stage” bunion deformity (bunion with arthrosis)
  • Positioning is critical
  • Newer constructs allow for earlier weight-bearing
  • Can be used as a primary or revision procedure
  • Traditional fixation construct available

HAV Correction Complications

  • Hallux varus is when the hallux assumes an adducted position in the transverse plane
  • Medial structures obtain a mechanical advantage and overpower the lateral structures
  • Iatrogenic causes due to overcorrection of HAV or Traumatic
  • Metabolic or immunologic arthropathies may be to blame or Neuromuscular dysfunction

Iatrogenic Hallux Varus

  • Excessive medial capsulorrhaphy
  • Soft tissue procedures used to correct a structural deformity will usually result in under- or over-correction
  • "Staking" of the metatarsal head and fibular sesamoidectomy - AVOID
  • Negative IMA may cause subluxation of the capital fragment post operatively or Initial over-correction
  • If forced to choose between an under or over corrected bunion, choose under correction
  • Revision of a hallux varus is difficult, fusion is traditionally the gold standard treatment
  • Treatment options include Reverse DMO, Reverse Akin, Tibial sesamoidectomy, Tight rope and Fusion

Case #1

  • A 46-year-old female with left bunion pain has tried changing shoe-gear and custom orthotics, but they did not help sufficiently
  • Difficulty finding shoes that fit and is having substantial pain
  • PMH is unremarkable, and PE shows a severe HAV deformity with a hypermobile first ray
  • The ROM of the hallux is track-bound without crepitus

Case #2

  • A 42-year-old female presents with right bunion pain
  • Conservative measures have failed
  • PMH includes gastric bypass surgery
  • PE shows a severe HAV deformity with a hypermobile first ray
  • ROM of the hallux is tracking without crepitus
  • Need to do blood work on Vitamin D-12
  • Start on 50,000 IU of vitamin D/week
  • Discuss deformity and that she is not a candidate for the ideal surgery
  • Discuss risks of the ideal surgery and risks of the “safer” procedure

Case #3

  • A 68-year-old female presents for evaluation and treatment of a painful bunion deformity
  • She is a caretaker of cats
  • PMH is unremarkable, and palpable pulses with instantaneous CRT

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